wVtDt  flfiP't, , . 

LIBRARY 

OF    THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 
Class 


HOW  TO 


A    B@©k  ©f  Tumbling,  Trioks,    Pypa- 
mids  and 


BY 

HORACE    BTJTTERWORTH 

INSTRUCTOR    IN   GYMNASTICS 

THE     UNIVERSITY    OP    CHICAGO 


Chicago 

PUBLISHED   BY   THE   AUTHOR 

1899 


COPYRIGHT,  1899, 

By  HORACE  BUTTERWORTH. 


Clarendon  Publishing  Co. 
Chicago. 


8ITY 


JT  IS  PROBABLE  THAT  A  DEEP  DELVER  INTO 
the  history  of  Gymnastics  will  find  nothing  new  in 

the  various  Tricks,  Games,  Pyramids  and  feats  of 
Tumbling  which  are  described  in  this  book,  for  the  sad- 
eyed  conclusion  of  the  disgruntled  author  of  Ecclesias- 
tes  that "  there  is  no  new  thing  under  the  sun,"  is  pecu- 
liarly applicable  to  all  bodily  exercises.  Illustrations 
of  various  styles  of  wrestling,  showing  many  of  the 
holds  in  common  use  today,  have  been  found  in  the 
tombs  of  Egypt,  placed  there,  without  doubt,  hundred' 
of  years  before  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era. 
have  seen  fac-similes  of  vases,  made  in  the  palmy  days 
of  Greece,  upon  which  were  representations  of  Athletic 
Games,  Contortion  and  Tumbling  Acts,  etc.  I  have 
some  photographic  copies  of  drawings,  taken  from  a 
book  printed  in  1652,  which  show  Tight-Rope  Walking, 
Juggling,  Balancing,  Exercises  with  Dumb  Bells,  Weight 
Lifting,  etc.,  in  Rome,  when  that  city  was  the  undis- 
puted Mistress  of  the  World.  Most  of  that  which  Is 
called  New  Is  but  the  Old  revived  and,  sometimes, 
redressed. 

The  following  pages  have  been  prepared  for  the 
purpose  of  making  available  to  as  large  a  number  of 
young  people  as  may  be  a  part  of  the  material  which 
successive  generations  have  evolved  for  amusing  and 
strengthening  their  youth.  For  the  furtherance  of 
this  purpose  I  have  kept  in  mind  these  five  principles, 
laid  down  long  ago  by  an  eminent  teacher  of  Gymnas- 
tics: "All  exercises  should  be  safe,  short,  easy,  bene- 
ficial and  pleasing." 


The  book  is  divided  into  twenty-five  sections,  each 
containing  selections  from  four  groups  of  exercises, 
Tumbling,  Tricks,  Pyramids  and  Games .  This  method 
of  arrangement  has  been  followed,  partly,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  supplying  Taried,  ready-made,  though  flexible, 
programmes,  available  at  a  moment's  notice,  and 
partly,  in  order  to  give  illustrations  of  how  to  join  sep- 
arate exercises  into  a  series  in  connection  with  the 
description  of  the  movements  themselves. 

Most  of  the  illustrations  have  been  made  from 
instantaneous  photographs. 

The  descriptions  and  directions  which  are  given 
in  the  text  are  those  which  I  have  found  by  experi- 
ence to  result  in  the  most  satisfactory  progress  in  the 
shortest  possible  time. 

The  tingling  blood  and  daring  nerve  of  youth 
demand  employment.  Do  something  it  must  and  will.  , 

Whether  the  activities  of  the  young  are  beneficial 
or  baneful  to  themselves  or  others  depends,  in  large 
measure,  I  think,  upon  what  they  know  how  to  do.  I 
hope  that  this  book,  telling  how  to  do  a  great  many 
things  requiring  muscular  action,  will  be  a  source  of 
happiness  and  good  to  many. 

HORACE  BUTTEEWORTH. 
CHICAGO,  July,  1899. 


HOW  TO     /VB 

f  Of  THE 

(  UNIVERSITY 

-r 


Forward  Roll — Place  the  hands  on  the 
floor  about  a  foot  in  front  of  the  toes,  with  the 
fingers  slightly  bent  and  spread.  Put  the  chin 
against  the  chest  and  lean  forward  until  the  back 
of  the  head  rests  on  the  mat(Fig.l).  Push  strongly 
with  the  toes  and  roll,  keeping  the  knees  close  to 


3  2  1 

the  chest.  As  the  toes  leave  the  mat,  swing  the 
arms  vigorously  forward  to  grasp  the  legs  a  little 
above  the  instep  (Fig.  2)  and  pull.  This  will  bring 
you  into  the  position  shown  by  Fig.  8.  Stand  erect. 
If  two  or  more  rolls  are  to  be  done  in  succession 
place  the  hands  on  the  mat  at  the  beginning  of 
each  roll. 

Snail  Crawl — Take  position  4.  Move  the 
hands  alternately  forward  and  drag  the  body  along, 
the  upper  side  of  the  toea  being  against  the  mat. 
Vary  the  exercise  by  slapping  the  chest  with  each 
hand  before  it  is  put  down;  also,  by  slapping  the 
chest  with  both  hands  and  reaching  forward  as 
they  return  to  the  mat. 


2  HOW   TO 

Jump  Between  the  Hands— Place  the  hands 
on  the  mat  a  little  in  front  of  the  toes,  with  the 
elbows  inside  tte  knees. 
Throw  the  legs  backward 
until  the  body  is  nearly 

straight(Fig.  4.)  The  weight 

is  borne  entirely  by  the  toes  ""  4 

and  hands,  the  hands  being  directly  beneath  the 
shoulders.  Spring  forward  from  the  toes,  bring- 
ing the  knees  as  near  as  possible  to  the  chest.  As 
the  feet  are  about  to  touch  the  mat,  press  strongly 
from  the  hands  and  raise  them  a  trifle;  at  the  same 
time  put  the  feet  through  and  assume  a  sitting 
position  with  the  legs  flat  on  the  mat.  Cross  the 
legs  and  arise.  After  a  few  trials  you  will  be  able 
to  jump  through  without  raising  the  hands. 

Wheelbarrow  —  A 

takes  position  4.  B  takes 
hold  of  A's  ankles  and 
pushes  him  about  the 
room,  A  moving  his 
hands  sometimes  alter- 
nately forward  (Fig.  5) 
s  "  and  sometimes  both  at 

once.     A  rolls  over  forward  as  a  finish. 

Kneel  and  Rise — Toe  a  line  in  the  floor;  kneel 
and  rise  without  moving  the  toes  from  the  line  or 
using  the  hands. 


HOW   TO 


Shoulder  Wrestle 

— Two  boys  face 
each  other  and 
place  their  hands 
on  each  other's 
shoulders,  Fig  6. 
By  pushing,  pull- 
ing, twisting,  etc.. 
The 


each  tries  to  make  the  other  move  his  feet, 
one  moving  first  loses. 


Armless  Rise—Sit  or  lie  on  the  mat,  Fold 
the  arms  across  the  chest.  Draw  the  feet  in  close 
to  the  hips,  throw  the  head  and  shoulders  suddenly 
forward  and  arise.  Crossing  the  legs  makes  the 
exercise  too  easy  and  is  not  allowed. 

Pyramid— fFig.  7.)  Five  boys  stand  side  by 
side  with  their  arms  resting  on  one  another's  shoul- 
ders, and  with  their 
feet  as  close  together 
as  possible.  At  a  sig- 
nal all  slowly  fall 
away  from  the  center 
boy,  slipping  their 
hands  along  the  arms  7 

and  sliding  the  feet  toward  the  center,  until  the 
end  boys  can  help  support  by  placing  their  free 
hands  on  the  mat. 


4  HOW   TO 

Frog  Jump— Take  position  9.  Reach  for- 
ward two  or  three  feet  with  the  hands.  Spring 
from  both  feet  and  place  them  close  to  the  hands, 
keeping  the  hands  on  the  mat.  Continue  the  alter- 
nate movement  of  hands  and  feet,  To  finish, 
either  roll  forward,  or  straighten  the  body  to  an 
erect  position  quickly  as  the  feet  come  close  to  the 
hands. 

Follow  my  Leader — The  players  range  them- 
selves behind  one  chosen  as  the  leader  and  must 
do  everything  done  by  him,  such  as  running  with 
the  hands  held  above  the  head,  Fig,  8,  or  in  other 


positions,  leaping  over  obstacles,  hopping,  climb- 
ing, etc.  When  one  fails  to  do  a  particular  thing 
he  drops  out.  Play  continues  until  all  but  one  are 
out,  or  until  all  are  tired. 

Combination — Boll  forward,  place  the  hands 
on  the  floor  and  throw  the  legs  backward  to  posi- 
tion 4,  jump  between  the  hands  to  a  sitting  posi- 
tion, draw  the  feet  close  to  the  body,  throw  the 
head  and  shoulders  suddenly  forward  and  rise, 


HOW   TO 


II 

Backward  Roll — Raise  the  heels 
and  bend  the  knees  as  much  as  pos- 
sible, keeping  the  back  nearly  straight 
and  the  arms  at  the  sides.  Rest  the 
fingers  on  the  floor  to  maintain  your 
balance  (Fig.  9),  Throw  yourself 


so  as  to  touch 
ing  order:  The 
back,the  hands, 
head. The  hands 
soon  as  you  be- 


9  backward 

the  mat  in  the  follow- 
heels,    the    hips,   the 
the     shoulders,      the 
are  swung  backward  as 
gin  to  roll,  and  should  be  placed  as  in 
Fig,  10.     Push  strongly  with  them  so 
as  to  make  room  for  the  head  to  turn. 
Keep   the    knees   close    to    the  face 
throughout  the   roll,   and    you   will 
land    in    the    position    from    which 
you   started,  but  with  the  hands  on 
front,  instead  of  at  the  sides  (Fig.  11). 

The  Stooping  Stretch— Draw 

a  line  on  the  floor  and  toe  it  with 
both  feet,  the  legs  well  spread. 
Take  a  piece  of  chalk  in  one  hand, 
pass  it  between  the  legs  and  under 
the  bend  of  one  knee,  and  make  a 
mark  on  the  floor  as  far  forward  as 
you  can  without  losing  your  bal- 


11 

the  mat 


in 


12 


6 


HOW   TO 


13 


ance  (Fig.  12)  or  moving  your  feet  from  the  line. 
Try  it  also  by  putting  only  one  foot  at  the  line, 
while  the  other  is  placed  directly  behind. 

Rub  and  Pat — Rub  the  top  of  the  head  with 
the  left  hand,  while  you  pat  the  chest  with  the 
right.  Change  the  action  of  each  hand. 

Jump  Backward  on  the  Shoul- 
ders— Roll  backward  until  you  rest 
on  the  elbows,  shoul- 
ders and  head,  the  hands 
on  the  hips,  with  the 
fingers  behind  and  the 

thumbs  in  front.       Bend  the  knees 

until  they  almost  touch  the  face  (Fig. 

13).   Kick  upward  and  backward  as 

vigorously   as   you   can  to    position 

shown  in  Fig.  14.    You  will  be  lifted 

clear  of  the  mat  and  moved  a  few 

inches  backward,   Push  the  chin  close  to  the  chest, 

so  as  to  avoid  striking  the  head  when  you  alight. 

Travel  across  the  mat  in  this  way. 

Roll  Over  Boys — Have  three  or  more  boys 
get  down  on  their  hands  and  knees,  side  by  side. 
Put  your  hands  on  the  near  boy  and  roll  across  the 
backs  to  the  floor  without  catching  hold  of  your 
legs  as  you  turn.  You  should  land  squarely  on 
your  feet. 


14 


HOW  TO 


Roll,  Holding  Toes  or  Ankles—To  roll  for- 
ward, place  the  elbows  inside  the  knees  and  grasp 
the  toes  very  firmly,  with  the  fingers 
beneath  and  the  thumbs  on  top,  all 
pointed  toward  the  heels.     Lean  for- 
waid  slowly,  until    the   back  of  the 
head  touches  the  mat,  then  roll  fast, 
To  roll  backward,  assume  the  same 
is  position,  then  sit  as  close  to  the  heels 

as  possible,  keep  the  chin  close  to  the  chest,  and 
go  very  fast  from  the  start.  Do  the  same  exercises 
holding  the  ankles  as  in  Fig.  15. 

Pull  Over— Two  boys 
take  a  stick  in  their  hands 
and  sit  down  with  their  feet 
against  one  another.  At  a 
signal,  they  both  pull.  The 
one  maintaining  his  place 
wins.  (Fig.  16).  16 

Combinations— Roll  forward  three  or  four 
times;  spring  up  in  the  air,  make  a  half  turn,  then 
roll  backward  several  times. 

Do  the  same,  holding  on  to  the  toes  and  also 
to  the  ankles,  Both  of  these  are  very  hard  to  do 
backward.  Have  the  hips  high  at  the  start,  then 
sit  on  the  heels  and  roll  very  fast.  Be  sure  to  keep 
a  tight  grasp. 

Roll  backward  once;  roll  backward  to  position 
shown  in  Fig.  13;  then  make  several  jumps  on  the 


8 


HOW   TO 


shoulders.  To  finish,  bring  the  knees  close  to  the 
face  (legs  straight)  swing  the  arms  forward  to  grasp 
the  legs  above  the  ankles,  as  in  the  roll  forward, 
and  come  to  the  standing  position. 

Roll  backward  once;  throw  the  legs  back  to 
position  4,  and  jump  upward,  clapping  feet  and 
hands;  put  the  back  of  the  head  on  the  floor  and 
roll  forward  to  stand. 

Pyramid -(Fig.  17).  Five  boys  take  part. 
Three  stand  side  by  side,  one  behind  and  one  in 
front  of  the  middle  boy;  the  one  in  front  having 
his  legs  well  spread.  The  middle  boy  bends  for- 


17 


waru,  puts  his  head  between  the  legs  and  lifts  the 
one  in  front  to  a  seat  on  his  shoulders.  The  boys 
on  each  side  raise  the  near  leg.  The  middle  boy 
takes  hold  of  the  ankles,  with  the  palms  of  his 


HOW   TO  9 

hands  facing  backward,  and  places  the  feet  behind 
his  hips.  The  boy  behind  steps  on  to  the  raised 
legs,  and  the  four  take  hold  of  hands,  the  outside 
boys  putting  their  free  hands  on  their  hips. 

King  of  the  Castle — A  small  hill  is  needed  in 
order  to  play  this  game.  One  player,  selected  by 
lot,  goes  to  the  top  of  the  hillock  as  king.  The 
others  try  to  pull  or  push  him  from  his  elevation, 
He  tries  by  the  same  means  to  keep  his  place.  It 
is  allowable  to  take  hold  of  the  arm,  or  the  leg, 
but  not  to  hold  the  clothing.  If  anyone  violates 
this  rule,  he  must  sit  down  until  the  struggle  is 
over.  The  player  who  succeeds  in  dethroning  the 
king  takes  his  place. 


10 


HOW  TO 


III 

Head  Stand— Place  the 

hands  on  the  mat,  the  width 
of  the  shoulders  apart,  with 
the  fingers  spread  and  slightly 
bent.  Place  the  front  part  of 
the  head  down  a  foot  or  more 
in  front  of  the 
leg  bent  a  good 
between  the  arms, 
most  straight  (Fig. 
legs  upward  to  po- 
the  straighter  leg 
port  a  good  share 
the  hands.  To  de- 
knees,  drop  back,  19 


18 

hands.  *  Have  one 
deal,  with  the  knee 
and  the  other  al- 
18).  Throw  the 
sition  in  Fig.  19, 
moving  first.  Sup- 
of  the  weight  on 
scend,  bend  the 


straighten  thearms» 
and  come  to  position  in  Fig.  11,  or, 
keeping  the  legs  straight;  bend  slowly 
at  the  waist,  push  up  from  the  hands 
enough  to  allow  the  back  of  the  head 
to  be  placed  on  the  mat  (Fig.  20), 
then  bend  the  knees  and  roll  for- 
ward, as  in  positions  2  and  3.  Try 
starting  from  position  11,  and  throw 
both  feet  up  at  once. 

Sit  on  the  Meets  and  Jump — Take  position 
30,  but  without  grasping  the  insteps.  Have  the  top 


HOW  TO  11 

of  the  foot  flat  on  the  mat.  Throw  the  arms  rig- 
orously forward  and  upward,  and  spring  to  the 
feet.  See  how  far  you  can  jump. 


Horizontal  Upward  Jump — The  starting  po- 
sition is  shown  by  Fig.  4.  As  preliminary  exer- 
cises, bend  the  arms  slightly,  push  strongly  from 
the  hands,  raise  them,  slap  the  chest  and  replace. 
Keep  the  hands  down  and  spring  from  the  toes, 
allowing  the  back  to  remain  in  the  position  shown 
in  the  figure.  Spring  upward  from  hands  and 
feet,  simply  raising  them  a  few  inches  from  the 


21 


floor.  If  you  can  do  this,  clap  the  hands  while 
you  are  in  the  air  (Fig.  21).  When  this  is  mas- 
tered, clap  the  heels  and  the  hands  while  in  the 
air.  You  can  maintain  the  proper  position  of  the 
back  by  keeping  the  body  stiff  and  using  only  the 
arms  and  toes  to  get  the  spring  from.  Finish  bj 
springing  forward  to  stand  where  the  hands  have 
been. 


12  HOW   TO 

Twins'  Promenade— Two  boys  about  the  same 
height  and  weight  stand  back  to  back.  Lock  arms. 
Keep  the  backs  and  hips  as 
close  as  possible,  Bend  the 
knees  slowly  and  move  the 
feet  a  little  forward;  at  the 
same  time  press  forcibly 
against  each  other  (Fig.  22). 
Agree  in  which  direction  you 
are  to  go,  then  raise  the  legs 
on  one  side  and  move  them  together.  Straighten 
up  a  little  as  you  take  the  step,  and  resume  the 
first  position  when  the  feet  are  put  down. 

Palm  Spring — Make  a  mark  on  the  floor  a 
short  distance  from  the  wall.  Toe  this  mark,  then 
lean  forward  and  place  one  hand  against  the  wall. 
Spring  back  to  an  upright  position  by  pushing 
with  the  supporting  hand,  throwing  the  h^ad  back, 
and  bending  the  knees  a  little.  If  the  free  hand 
and  arm  are  allowed  to  swing  under  the  body  as 
you  go  forward,  you  can  get  good  assistance  in 
recovering  by  throwing  them  vigorously  backward. 
Increase  the  distance  from  the  wall  after  each  suc- 
cessful try. 

Book  Throw — Fix  a  book  between  the  feet, 
and  by  a  jump  and  backward  jerk  of  the  lower  legs 
throw  it  forward  over  the  head. 


HOW   TO 


13 


The  Crawler  —  Take 
the  position  shown  in  Fig. 
23;  move  forward  by 
straightening  thebent  23 

arm  and  leg,  and  turning  onto  the  opposite  side. 


Pyramid— (Fig,  24). 
Three  boys  stand  in  line. 
A  and  B  take  hold  of  C's 
belt,  while  C  places  his 
hands  on  their  shoulders. 
At  a  signal,  C  springs  up- 
ward, pushing  with  his 
hands  and  lifted  by  A  and 
B.  He  is  kept  up  by  A 
and  B  pushing  upward  and 
inward  against  his  waist. 


Combinations— Roll  backward;  throw  the  legs 
back  to  position  in  Fig.  4,  snail  crawl;  horizontal 
upward  jump;  jump  forward  to  position  30,  keep- 
iug  the  hands  on  the  mat;  jump  forward  to  stand; 
roll  forward. 

Roll  backward  to  position  13;  jump  backward 
on  the  shoulders;  cross  the  legs  and  roll  forward  to 
sitting  position;  grasp  the  toes  and  roll  to  stand. 

Two  boys  start  at  opposite  ends  of  the  mat,  and 
do  one  frog  jump;  roll  forward;  one-half  turn  on 
the  spot  in  bent  knee  positions;  lock  arms  and  do 


14  HOW  TO 

twins'  promenade  (Fig.  22);  draw  the  feet  in,  un- 
lock the  arms,  and  roll  forward. 

Head  stand;  roll  forward;  crawl  as  in  Fig.  23; 
roll  forward  to  stand. 

Head  stand;  roll  forward;  frog  jump;  roll 
backward  or  forward  to  stand. 

Fox  and  Hen — (Fig.  25).  In  this  play  one 
imitates  a  hen  defending  her  chickens  against  a  fox. 
All  of  the  players,  except  the  fox,  place  themselves 
one  behind  another,  the  hands  on  the  shoulders  of 
the  next  in  front.  The  player  with  the  hands  free 
is  the  hen,  and  the  fox  stands  facing  her.  The  fox 
must  try  to  catch  the  last  pullet  in  the  line,  which 


25 

the  hen  defends  by  striving  to  place  herself  always 
in  front  of  the  fox.  If  the  fox  tags  the  last  pullet, 
he  carries  it  off  to  his  den,  and  tries  to  get  another. 
If  one  takes  his  hand  off  the  shoulders  of  the  next 
in  front,  he  and  all  behind  him  become  prisoners. 
The  game  is  ended  when  all  the  chicks  are  captured. 


HOW   TO 


IV 

Hand  Stand — Have  one 
foot  about  fifteen  inches  in 
advance  of  the  other.  Place 
the  hands  on  the  mat  about 
the  same  distance  in  front  of 
the  foremost  foot,  with  the  26 

fingers  spread  and  slightly  bent.  Fix  your  gaze  on 
some  spot  a  few  inches  in  front  of  the  hands 
Lean  forward  and  bend  the  arms  a  trifle  (Fig.  26). 
Swing  the  legs  upward  as  though  they  were  going 
to  touch  the  ceiling,  the  rear  leg  moving  first,  and 
straighten  the  arms  as  they  rise.  Bring  the  legs 
together  as  soon  as  possible,  and  set  the  muscles  of 
the  back  so  as  to  hold  the  balance  (Fig.  27).  If 
you  feel  that  you  are  going  to  fall  on  your  back, 
pick  up  one  hand,  turn  the  face  toward  the  oppo- 
site arm  (Fig.  28),  and  drop  the  feet  to 
the  mat  (Fig.  29),  or  keep  both  hands 
down,  bend  the  arms  slowly,  put  the 
back  of  the  head  on  the  mat,  drop  the 
legs  backward  and  roll,  as  in  Fig.  20, 

Begin  by  throwing  the  legs  only 
part  way  up  to  the  stand,  and  increase 
the  strength  of  your  throw  only  as  you 
become  accustomed  to  the  sensation  of 
being  upside  down.  The  really  difficult 
27  part  of  the  movement  is  to  hold  the  po- 


16  HOW  TO 

sition  steadily,  and  nothing  but  con- 
stant practice  will  give  you  this  ability. 
After  you  reacl^.  the  point  where  it  is  a 
matter  of  inches  in  the  position  of  your 
legs,  you  may  assist  yourself  in  catching 
the  balance,  if  you  are  too  far  over,  by 
pressing  the  head  back  hard,  or  by  tak- 
ing a  short  step  with  one  or  both  hands; 
if  you  are  not  quite  far  enough  over,  by 
bending  the  arms  a  little  and  dropping 
the  chin  toward  the  chest.  Assistance 
may  be  obtained  by  having  the  feet  rest 
against  a  wall,  when  they  are  up,  or  by  having 
someone  catch  and  hold  the  legs. 

Some  find  the  following  an  easier 
way  to  reach  the  hand  stand:  Take 
position  11.  Lean  forward  and  bend 
the  arms  a  little;  spring  from  both  feet, 
and  straighten  the  thighs,  but  keep  the 
knees  bent  and  the  heels  close  to  the 
hips;  kick  upward  vigorously  with  both 
legs,  and  straighten  arms  to  position  27. 

Twist  Through  a  Wand— Take  a  stick  about 
four  feet  long,  and  hold  it  horizontally  in  front  of 
you.  Put  the  right  leg  outside  the  right  arm  and 
over  the  stick  inside  the  arm,  bending  toward  the 
right  to  allow  the  right  foot  to  rest  on  the  floor. 
Raise  the  left  arm  and  bring  the  head  between  the 
arm  and  the  stick.  giip  the  stick  down  the  back. 


HOW   TO 


17 


and  lift  first  the  left  foot  over  and  then  the  right, 
changing  the  now  twisted  grip  i.*  the  original  one 
only  after  coming  to  the  starting  position. 


Walk  on  the  Knees- 
Kneel;  sit  on  the  heels  and 
grasp  the  insteps  (Fig.  30). 
Lean  forward  suddenly  and 
pull  the  feet  from  the  floor 
(Fig.  31).  Move  each  knee 
alternately  forward.  You  will 
find  it  rather  difficult  to  keep 
your  balance  at  first. 


30 


Circles — Describe  circles  in  the  air  with  both 
hands,  the  right  moving  toward  the  body  and  the 
left  away  from  it,  or  vice  versa. 

Roll — Start  as  in  the  backward  roll,  but  when 
you  reach  position  10,  straighten  the  arms  and  legs 
quickly,  and  you  will  alight  in  position  4. 


Nose  and  Ear — Cross  the  arms.  Grasp  the 
left  ear  with  the  right  hand  and  the  nose  with  the 
left.  Release  the  grasp;  uncross  and  recross  the 
arms,  grasping  now  the  right  ear  with  the  left 
hand  and  the  nose  with  the  right.  Make  the 
changes  very  rapidly. 


18 


HOW  TO 


32 


Fall  Forward — Have  the  mus- 
cles rigidly  set  from  the  neck  to  the 
heels;  raise  the  heels  and  fall  for- 
ward without  bending  at  the  knees  or 
hips  (Fig.  32).  Just  before  you 
reach  the  mat,  raise  the  arms  in  front 
of  the  chest  and  land  as  in  Fig.  4. 
Bend  the  arms  to  avoid  a  severe  jar, 
then  straighten  them  again  to  the 
landing  position. 


Rolls — In  forward  rolls,  where  the  hands  are 
not  placed  on  the  mat,  lean  forward  slowly  until 
the  back  of  the  head  touches,  and  then  roll  fast; 
in  backward  rolls,  where  the  hands  do  not  touch, 
be  sure  to  keep  doubled  up  as  tightly  as  possible, 
and  go  very  fast.  I  shall  simply  name  the  exer- 
cises; most  of  them  can  be  done  both  backward 
and  forward. 

Cross  the  legs  below  the  knees  and  roll — the 
hands  touch  the  mat.  Fold  the  arms  and  roll. 
Fold  the  arms,  cross  the  legs  and  roll.  Cross  the 
legs,  hold  the  toes  and  roll.  Cross  the  legs,  sit 
down,  hold  the  toes  and  roll.  Clasp  the  hands  be- 
neath the  knees  and  roll.  Raise  one  leg  as  high  as 
you  can,  either  in  front  or  behind,  and  roll  without 
allowing  the  lifted  foot  to  touch  the  mat. 

Try  rolling  with  the  hands  clasped  behind  the 
head,  resting  on  the  hips,  with  the  arms  held 
straight  out  at  the  sides,  etc. 


HOW  TO  19 

If  you  have  trouble  in  getting  over  on  any  of 
the  back  rolls,  turn  one  cheek  toward  the  mat,  and 
you  will  "flop"  over  easily,  but  this  is  poor  form. 

Combinations — Fall  forward  (Fig.  32),  jump 
between  the  hands  to  sitting  position;  roll  back- 
ward to  position  13,  and  jump  backward  on  the 
shoulders;  roll  forward  to  stand. 

Head  stand;  roll  forward  to  position  30;  walk  on 
the  knees;  jump  forward  to  stand. 

Head  stand;  drop  the  feet  back  to  the  mat;  roll 
backward  to  position  4;  horizontal  upward  jump, 
with  hand  and  feet  clapping;  roll  forward  to  stand. 

Pyramid— (Figs.  33  and 

34 •).  The  six  boys  who  are  to 
take  part  in  this  should  get 
on  their  hands  and  knees  and 
practice  sliding  the  hands  for. 
ward  and  the  legs  backward 
suddenly  at  a  given  signal. 
When  all  can  do  this  in  con- 
cert it  is  safe  to  try  the  pyra- 
mid. Let  three  boys  get  on 
their  hands  and  knees;  have 
two  stand  behind  these,  and  one  behind  the  two. 
Each  of  the  two  places  a  hand  on  a  shoulder,  and 
a  knee  on  a  hip  of  the  middle  boy,  and  the  other 
hand  and  knee  on  the  outside  boy.  The  third  boy 
places  a  foot  on  the  hips  of  one  of  those  outside 
and  climbs  on  top  of  the  two,  having  one  hand  on 


20 


HOW  TO 


- 


the  shoulders  and  one 
knee  on  the  hips  of 
each  (Fig.  33).  At  a 
signal,  agreed  upon  in 
advance,  all  suddenly 
slide  their  arms  for- 
ward and  their  legs 
backward,  landing  as  in  Fig.  34.  There  is  no  severe 
shock  if  all  straighten  out  as  directed.  As  your 
skill  improves,  increase  the  size  of  your  pyramid. 

Rope  Jump — The  players  form  a  circle.  One 
lies  on  his  back  in  the  centre  and  swings  a  rope  so 
that  those  in  the  circle  are  obliged  to  jump  or  be 
hit  about  the  ankles,  If  a  player  is  hit,  he  takes 
the  place  of  the  one  swinging  the  rope. 


HOW   TO 


35 

Dive — Have  a  boy  get  down  on  his  hands  and 
knees,  crosswise  of  the  mat;  stand  on  one  side  and 
put  your  hands  down  on  the  opposite  side  and  roll, 
as  shown  in  Figs.  20,  2  and  3.  Next  time  give  a 
slight  jump  and  alight  on  the  hands  after 
the  feet  have  left  the  mat.  Increase  the  distance 
you  jump  by  taking  a  slight  run.  Increase  the 
height  also.  Be  very  careful  to  master  the  exercise 
thoroughly  before  you  go  either  fast,  far  or  high. 

Hop  Fight — Two  boys  cross  their  arms  over 
their  chests  and  hop.  They  try  to  make  each  other 
lose  balance  and  touch  the  raised  foot  to  the 
ground  by  pushing  with  the  elbows  or  shoulders. 

Hold  the  Toes  and  Jump — Heel  a  line.  Grasp 
the  toes  with  the  fingers  beneath  and  pointed  toward 


22  HOW   TO 

the  heel.  Lean  forward,  then  backward,  and  jump 
over  the  line.  Toe  the  same  mark  and  jump  over 
it  forwards,  holding  the  toes.  This  is  harder. 

Sit  and  Rise- 
Extend  the  arms  for- 
ward and  raise  one  leg 
to  a  horizontal  posi- 
tion (Fig.  30).  Lean 
forward;  slowly  bend 
the  knee  of  the  stand- 
ing leg  as  far  as  pos- 
sible without  losing  your  balance,  keeping  the  heel 
on  the  floor  (Fig.  87).  Rise.  The  free  leg  remains 
on  the  horizontal  throughout.  The  exercise  can  be 
done  with  the  arms  in  other  positions.  This  is  the 
easiest. 

Rolls  With  Shear*— Roll  forward,  but  while 
you  are  on  your  back,  cross  your  bent  legs,  turn 
your  head,  turn  on  one  foot,  and  alight  facing  the 
point  from  which  you  started. 

Roll  backward,  but  when  you  get  the  weight 
on  the  hands  and  begin  to  turn  over  onto  your  feet, 
cross  your  bent  legs,  turn  your  head,  push  hard 
with  the  hands,  and  alight  facing  the  opposite  way 
from  the  start. 

Lock  the  toes  in  the  knee  joints,  tailor  fashion, 
and  roll  forward  and  backward  in  this  position. 


HOW  TO  23 

Leap  Frog — A  leans  forward  and 
places  his  hands  on  his  thighs  (Fig.  38); 
B  runs,  places  his  hands  on  A's  shoul- 
ders (Fig.  39),  and  straddles  over  him  to 
the  mat. 

Make  a  quarter  turn  while  you  are 
ss  ~~~  going  over. 
Have  two  or  four  boys  put  their 
heads  together,  with  arms  on  one  an- 
other's shoulders,  and  straddle  over  them. 
Have  any  number  of  boys  stand  one 
behind  the  other,  hands  about  waist  and 
heads  on  the  same  side  of  the  body  of  the 
next  in  front,  and  straddle  over,  touching 
the  front  boy,  then  the  next,  and  so  on 
to  the  last.  The  boy  in  front  has  his 
hands  on  his  thighs. 

Have  two  boys  stand  three  feet  apart,  each  with 
one  foot  advanced,  and  clasp  the  near  hands.  Jump 
over  between  by  placing  a  hand  on  each  of  the 
near  shoulders.  These  two  should  lean  a  little  for- 
ward, and  hold  themselves  very  firmly  for  the  push- 
off. 

Push  Boy — Form  a  small  circle,  with  one 
player  standing  in  the  centre.  He  holds  himself 
stiff  from  head  to  heels,  and  falls  over.  As  he  nears 
one  in  the  circle,  he  must  be  pushed  to  the  next  or 
across,  and  is  thus  kept  constantly  falling  without 


24 


HOW   TO 


alighting.     Have  the  circle  small  enough,  and  take 
good  care  of  the  faller. 

Balance  on  Elbows— Take 
position  -shown  in  Fig.  9,  but 
with  the  hands  flat  on  the  mat 
and  the  arms  inside  the  knees. 
Lean  forward,  bend  the  arms  and 
place  the  elbows  on  the  under 
side  of  the  thighs.  Tip  yourself  into  the  bal- 
ance by  a  slight  push  from  the  toes  (Fig.  40).  Try 
to  pick  a  toothpick  from  the  mat  with  the  teeth. 

Head  Circle— (Fig.  41).  A 
stands  with  his  left  foot  well  in  ad- 
vance of  the  right.  B  runs  for- 
ward, places  his  right  foot  on  A's 
thigh,  takes  (hpld  of  his  right  hand 
with  his  left,  and  makes  a  half 
turn  to  the  mat,  bringing  his  free 
leg  well  above  A's  head.  A  assists 
by  holding  B's  leg  with  his  left 
hand. 

Combinations — Hold  toes  and  jump  over  a  line 
backward;  roll  backward  to  position  4;  horizontal 
upward  jump,  with  hand  clapping;  roll  forward  to 
position  11;  balance  on  elbows  (Fig.  40);  put  the 
forehead  on  the  mat,  and  push  up  to  head  stand; 
roll  forward  to  stand. 


HOW  TO 


25 


Raise  one  leg  and  roll  forward  to  position  36; 
sit  and  rise;  roll  backward  with  shears  to  stand 

Hand  stand;  roll  forward  with  shears;  grasp 
the  toes  and  roll  backward  to  stand. 

Head  circle;  after  B  alights,  he  makes  a  short 
dive  and  rolls  forward  to  squattiug  position,  while 
A  rolls  forward  with  shears;  they  lock  arms  and  do 
the  twins1  promenade;  both  roll  forward  to  stand. 


Pyramid— (Fig. 42).  Place 
the  hands  on  the  shoulders  and 
the  knees  on  the  hips  of  the 
boy  beneath.  The  top  boy  gets 
up  by  putting  one  foot  on  the 
hips  of  the  lowest  and  grasp- 
ing the  shoulders  of  the 
second. 


42 


Baste  the 
Bear  —  Draw  a 

ring    about   five 

feet  in  diameter 

on    the    ground. 

Draw  lots  to  see 

who  will  first  be 

bear.     The  bear 

selects  a  keeper, 

who  holds  him  by  a  rope  about  four  feet  long,   The 

bear  must  stay  in  the  ring;  but  the  keeper  may  go 


26  HOW  TO 

as  far  as  he  can  without  letting  go  of  the  rope,  or 
dragging  the  bear  over  the  line.  The  other  players 
tie  knots  in  their  handkerchiefs  and  begin  to  strike, 
or  "  baste,"  the  bear  by  running  close  to  or  into  the 
ring.  If  the  keeper  touches  any  of  the  boys  while 
they  are  thus  enjoying  themselves,  without  drag- 
ging any  part  of  the  bear  out  of  the  ring,  or  should 
the  bear  catch  hold  of  any  player's  leg  so  as  to  hold 
him  fast,  the  player  so  touched  or  caught  becomes 
bear.  The  second  bear  selects  his  own  keeper  also. 


HOW   TO 


27 


VI 

Hand  Spring — Take  three  or 
four  running  steps,  then  hop  once 
on  the  spot  with  the  forward  foot, 
while  you  swing  the  rear  foot  for- 
ward and  a  little  upward,  and  raise 
the  arms  forward-upward  to  the 
height  of  the  face  (Fig.  44).  Bend 
forward  from  the  waist  as  suddenly 
and  as  vigorously  as  possible.  Put 
the  raised  foot  down  and  hend  the 
knee  a  little, 
on  the  mat  ahout 
front  of  the  for- 


44 


arms  being  near- 
before  the  hands 
the  rear  leg  is 
upward,  and  im- 
the  hands  touch, 
is  also  thrown 


46 


Place  the  hands 
twelve  inches  in 
ward  foot,  the 
ly  straight.  Just 
r^ach  the  mat, 
swung  swiftly 
mediately  after 
the  forward  leg 
(Fig.  45).  Just 
after  the  legs  pass  above  the 
head,  and  before  you  can  rec- 
ognize the  sensation  of  being 
overbalanced,  push  strongly 
with  both  hands,  swing  the 
arms  downward  toward  the 
sides,  and  throw  the  head  for- 
ward toward  the  chest.  You 


28  HO\V   TO 

should  land  standing  nearly  erect.  As  first  attempts 
frequently  land  you  on  your  back,  it  is  well  to  have 
assistance  until  you  have  learned  to  combine  the 
various  movements  involved.  If  you  cannot  get  a 
big  roll  of  soft  material,  take  a  boy  and  use  him  as 
shown  in  Fig.  46.  The  boy  who  assists  should 
brace  himself  firmly  and  have  his  back  raised  up- 
ward. He  can  further  aid  by  giving  a  slight  push 
upward  when  you  are  nearly  over. 

Hump  Walk  —  Keep  the  legs 
straight,  bend  forward  from  the  waist, 
and  place  the  hands  on  the  floor  as 
close  to  the  feet  as  possible  (Fig.  47). 
Move  the  hands  alternately  forward 
until  you  are  in  position  4.  Without 
moving  the  hands,  bring  the  feet 
alternately  forward  to  position  47.  Do  not  bend 
the  knees  at  any  time. 

Head  Spring — The  preliminary  directions  are 
the  same  as  for  the  hand  spring,  but  when  the  hands 
go  down,  the  arms  should  be  bent  and  the  fore  part 
of  the  head  placed  on  the  mat,  as  in  Fig.  18,  being 
careful  to  avoid  a  hard  bump.  The  legs  are  thrown, 
and  the  finish  is  the  same  as  in  the  hand  spring, 
but  a  strong  push  is  given  with  the  head  as  well,  as 
with  the  hands.  Too  much  emphasis  cannot  be 
laid  upon  throwing  the  feet  as  high  as  possible,  and 
doing  everything  with  lots  of  snap.  Assistance 


HOW   TO  29 

can  be  given  in  this  also  by  having  the  roll  smaller, 
or  by  having  the  boy  get  closer  to  the  mat  by 
bending  his  arms  and  spreading  his  legs. 

Touch  Knee,  Rise  and  Hop- 
Raise  one  leg  behind.  Grasp  instep 
with  hand  of  corresponding  side. 
Raise  the  opposite  arm  to  a  hori- 
zontal positio^n 

(Fig.    48);    lean 

forward    a  little, 

and  place  the  knee 

of  the  held  foot 

on  the  floor  (Fig. 

49).     Rise  without  releasing  the 
4-9  grasp.      Hop   and   repeat.      You 

must  lean  well  forward  as  you  try  to  rise.  The 
arm  may  be  in  any  position,  but  this  is  the  easiest. 
See  if  you  can  touch  knee,  rise  and  hop  six  times 
in  succession  without  releasing  your  grasp. 

Elephant  Walk  and  Jump — Take  position 
47,  with  the  hands  flat  on  the  mat.  Lift  the  right 
arm  and  the  right  leg  as  high  as  possible,  and  move 
them  forward  without  bending  elbow  or  knee.  Do 
the  same  with  the  left  arm  and  leg.  Move  with  a 
slow  and  dignified  pace  across  the  mat.  Next  move 
as  rapidly  as  possible  in  this  way. 

Keep  the  arms  and  legs  as  straight  as  possible, 
and  spring  forward  so  that  both  feet  and  both 


\ 

30  HOW  TO 

hands  are  off  the  mat  at  the  same  time.     Keep  in 
position  X47. 

Walk  On  the  Hands— Swing  the  legs  up  to 
hand  stand  position,  but  drop  the  feet  over  a  little 
too  far  to  hold  the  balance;  then  move  the  hands 
alternately  forward.  You  must  keep  overbalanced 
in  order  to  continue  walking.  Both  the  hand 
stand  and  this  movement  are  frequently  and  more 
easily  done  with  bent  knees,  but  you  should  try 
from  the  first  to  do  both  with  straight  legs  and 
with  toes  pointed  toward  the  ceiling. 

Walk  Off— A  does  a  hand 
stand  and  opens  his  legs.  B 
turns  his  back  to  the  front  part 
of  A's  body,  puts  his  arms  on 
top  of  A's  calves,  and  his  hands 
on  his  ankles.  B  bears  down 
hard.  A  lifts  his  hands  from 
the  floor,  and  leans  back,  while 
B  carries  him  around  (Fig.  50). 

To  finish,  A  straightens  up  more  and  slips  down 

to  the  floor. 

Teacher — The  players  stand  in  a  line.  One, 
chosen  for  teacher,  takes  a  soft  ball,  or  bean  bag, 
steps  a  few  paces  in  advance,  and  tosses  it  to  the 
player  on  the  right  of  the  line,  who  returns  it  to 
the  teacher,  and  so  on  down  the  line.  If  the 
teacher  muffs  the  ball,  he  goes  to  the  foot  of  the 


HOW   TO 


81 


line,  and  the  one  at  the  head  takes  his  place.  If  a 
player  muffs,  he  goes  ten  paces,  or  more,  in  front 
of  the  line,  bends  forward,  end  allows  each  of  the 
others  to  take  is,  shot  ut  him  with  the  ball.  If  one 
fails  to  hit,  he  takes  the  victim's  place.  Throwing 
is  continued  until  all  have  had  one  turn,  then  the 
teacher  resumes  the  lesson. 

Step  Over  One   Foot— Put   the 

sole  of  one  foot  against  a  wall 
about  the  height  of 
the  knee  (Fig.  51). 
Step  over  the  leg 
with  the  other  foot, 
making  a  half  turn, 
and  keeping  the  foot  61 

in  place  -fFigv-52).  Lean  well 
forward,  and  as  you  turn  push 
backward.  This  will  keep  the 

foot  against  the  wall  until  the  free  foot  touches 

the  floor. 

Combinations— Dive;  roll  forward;  touch 
knee,  rise  and  hop. 

Hand  spring  over  a  boy;  elephant  walk,  run, 
or  jump;  roll  forward. 

Walk  on  the  hands;  roll  forward;  walk  on  the 
knees;  sit  on  the  heels  and  jump  forward  to  stand. 

Head  stand;  roll  forward;  hump  walk  to  position 
4;  jump  between  the  hands;  roll  backward  to  stand. 


HOW  TO 


Pyramid  — (Fig.    53) 

Two  boys  stand  side  by  side, 
and  place  the  near  hands  on 
each  other's  shoulders.  Two 
others  do  the  same  thing, 
standing  directly  behind  the 
first  two,  and  place  the  out- 
side hands  on  the  shoulders  of 
the  boys  in  front.  One  of  the 
rear  boys  makes  a  step  by 
bending  one  knee,  on  which 
another  boy  climbs  to  rest  his 
knees  on  the  arms  of  the  rear 
two,  and  his  hands  on  the 
arms  of  the  two  in  front.  Another  boy  climbs  up 
to  seat  astride  ttie  kneeling  boy's  back,  or  he  takes 
this  position  from  standing  on  the  shoulders  of 
someone  else,  The  boys  in  the  figure  have  their 
arms  at  their  side,  but  this  is  not  so  safe  when  this 
pyramid  gees  traveling  around  the  room. 


53 


HOW   TO 


33 


VII 

Stand  On   Shoulders— The 

boy  who  is  to  do  the  supporting 

should  be  quite  a  little  heavier, 

or  a  good  deal  stronger  than  the 

other.     Stand  side   by  side  and 

grasp   hands.      Make    a    slight 

turn   inward.     The   strong   boy 

should  spread  his  legs  well,  then 

raise  his  distant  arm  above  his 

head,  while  the  other  puts  his 

distant  foot  on  the  near  thigh  (Fig.  54).     The 

strong  boy  then  leans  away  from  the  other,  and 

gives  a  pull  with  his  uppermost  arm,  while  the 

other  boy  springs  from  the  foot  that  is  on  the  mat 

and  places  it  on  the  other's  farther  shoulder  (Fig. 
55).  He  then  puts  his  other  foot 
on  the  vacant  shoulder.  The  boy 
on  the  mat  must  keep  his  head 
well  up  and  strongly  set,  and  the 
other  must  have  his  toes  turned 
out  as  much  as  possible,  and  press 
strongly  against  the  former's  head 
with  his  shins.  The  boy  on  the 
mat  releases  first  one  hand  and 
then  the  other,  and  places  them 
behind  the  other's  legs  as  high  up 
55  as  he  can  conveniently  reach, 


34 


HOW  TO 


while  the  boy  on  his  shoulders  straight- 
ens up  (Fig.  56).  Bend  the  knees  and 
jump  forward  to  get  down. 

Roll  to  Head  and  Hand  Stand- 
Sit  on  the  heels  and  roll  over  backward 
as  far  as  the  shoulders;  then,  instead  of 
going  on  over,  straighten  the  legs  to- 
ward the  ceiling,  put  the  hands  down  a 
good  distance  in  front  of  the  face,  and 
come  to  the  head  stand. 

To  reach  the  hand  stand  from  the 
back  roll,  kick  straight  at  the  ceiling 
56          vigorously,  just  as  the  hands  touch  the 
mat  in  the  ordinary   b«ick  roll,  and   immediately 
straighten  the  arms.     You  will  find  this  an  easy 
way  to  reach  the  po.sition. 

Roll  Over  Boy  —  Have  one 
boy  with  a  broad  back  face  the 
mat,  bend  his  knees  a  t,rifL«,  ?i,i-l 
place  his  hands  on  the  floor  about 
two  feet  in  front  of  his  to 33.  Roll 
over  him.  As  you  grow  mora 
skillful  in  rolling,  the  boy  who  is 
down  should  place  his  hands  half- 
way between  his  ankles  and  knees, 
and  later  on  the  thighs,  a  little 
above  the  knees  (Fig.  57).  He 
should  assist  a  little  just  as  you  are 


HOW   TO 


about  to  leave  his  back  by  pushing  upward;  but  he 
must  be  careful  not  to  throw  too  hard,  or  the  roller 
will  land  face  downward  on  the  mat, 

Low    Down    Walk    and    Jump  — 

With  heels  raised  and  arms  outside  the 
knees,  grasp  the  legs  a  little  above  the 
ankles  (Fig.  58);  move  the  feet  alter- 
nately forward  for  the  walk.  Spring 
forward  from  both  feet  for  the  jump. 
For  a  variation,  maintain  the  position  of 
the  legs,  but  swing  the  arms  sideward- 
upward  as  you  jump,  and  cackle  like  a 
frightened  hen. 


58 


The    Little 

Have  the  heels 
lengths    apart. 
Have   the  arms 


Crab's  Walk- 
about two  foot- 
Bend  the  knees, 
inside  the  knees, 


and  place  the  hands  on  the  floor  as 

far  back  as  possible,  without  losing 

the  balance  (Fig.  59).     Support  a 

good  share  of  the  weight  on  the  hands.     Move  the 

right  foot  and  the  right  hand  together  backward; 

do  likewise  with  the  left.     How  far  can  you  go 

without  falling? 

Jump — Ran,  spring  from  both  feet,  and  raise 
the  legs  forward  until  they  are  horizontal,  and 
touch  the  toes  with  the  fingers,  having  the  knoes 
straight 


36 


HOW   TO 


60 


End  Over  End — One  boy 

lies  on  his  back  on  the  mat, 
and  makes  himself  stiff  from 
his  head  to  his  heels.  Another 
places  his  hands  under  his 
neck,  and  lifts  him  to  an  up- 
right position  (Fig.  60);  then 
goes  around  in  front  and  lowers  him  gently  to  the 
mat.  The  same  movement  is  now  done,  beginning 
with  the  feet. 

Pyramid— (Fig.  61).  Mount 
as  in  standing  on  the  shoulders. 
The  upper  boy  then  puts  most  of 
his  weight  on  one  foot  and  extends 
the  other  to  rest  on  his  supporter's 
hand,  as  shown.  Lean  forward  and 
jump. 

Combinations  —  Wheelbarrow 
(Fig.  5).  The  boy  with  his  hands 
on  the  mat  (A),  rolls  forward,  as- 
sisted by  a  slight  push  from  B,  and 
comes  to  a  stand  with  his  hands  on 
his  knees;  B  runs  and  rolls  over  as 
in  Fig.  57.  A  rolls  backward  and 
B  rolls  forward  to  stand. 

Head  Circle  (Fig.  41).  B  (the  boy  doing  the 
circle),  rolls  forward  to  position  38  as  his  feet 
touch  the  mat;  A  runs  and  straddles  over  (leap 


HOW   TO  37 

frog),  and  immediately  rolls  forward  to  stand,  with 
hands  on  his  knees;  B  runs  and  rolls  over  as  in  57. 

Head  stand;  roll  forward;  low  down  walk  and 
jump  (Fig.  58);  dive  and  roll  forward. 

Two  boys  start  from  opposite  ends  of  the  mat, 
and  each  does  a  hand  spring;  roll  forward  with 
shears;  lock  arms  and  do  twins'  promenade;  roll 
forward 

Tender  Green — A  circle  large  enough  to  ac- 
commodate all  of  the  players  is  drawn  on  the  floor. 
One  then  goes  into  the  circle  as  the  "it."  He  must 
clasp  his  hands  and  go  out  and  attempt  to  tag  one 
of  the  others  with  his  hands  in  this  position.  If 
he  succeeds,  the  others  immediately  give  chase,  and 
slap  them  as  often  as  possible  until  they  reach  the 


62 

goal.  It  is  not  allowed  to  hit  anyone  in  the  head 
or  to  kick.  The  two  players  then  join  hands  and 
go  out  after  another  prisoner.  If  the  two  happen 
to  loose  their  grasp  while  running,  the  others  have 
the  right  to  drive  them  back  to  their  goal  as  if 
they  had  captured  a  prisoner.  This  is  continued 


38  HOW   TO 

until  all  are  caught,  the  end  players  only  having 
the  right  to  tag.  It  is  allowable  to  break  through 
the  line  (Fig,  62).  The  first  one  tagged  is  "it" 
for  the  new  game. 

Cock  Fight — Two  boys  cross  their  arms  over 
their  chests,  and  squat  down  opposite  each  other. 
They  endeavor  to  knock  each  other  over  by  using 
the  elbows  and  shoulders.  It  is  not  allowed  to 
straighten  up  from  the  squatting  position. 

^  {.+.*•  /  *'        f. '  r  ' 

Half  Lever — Sit  on  a  chair  and  take  hold  of 

the  seat.  Raise  the  legs  and  hold  them  in  a  hori- 
zontal position,  with  no  part  of  the  body  touching 
the  chair  but  the  hands. 


HOW  TO 


VIII 

Snap  Up — There  are  two  start- 
ing positions  for  this  exercise  of 
about  the  same  degree  of  difficulty; 
if  you  fail  with  one,  try  the  other, 
but  do  not  be  discouraged  if  you 
try  a  hundred  times  before  you  get 
it.  The  movement  is  easy,  but  it  requires  a  little 


63 


training  to  make 
parts  of  the  body 
just  the  right 
just  the  right 
From  posi- 
ward  to  either 
63  (be  careful 


the  different 
work  together  in 
order  and  with 
amount  of  force, 
tion  9  roll  back- 
position  10  or 
so  far  that  you 


not    to     go 

feel  like  going  entirely  over  backward).  As  the 
legs  start  to  swing  forward,  throw  them  vigorously 
upward  and  forward,  and  push  hard  with  the  hands, 
if  they  are  on  the  thighs,  as  in  Fig.  63,  half-way 
between  the  knee  and  the  hip  joint.  Immediately 
push  hard  with  the  shoulders  (Fig.  64),  and  head 
(Fig.  65).  It  is  not  necessary  to 
keep  the  hands  on  the  thighs  after 
the  push.  If  the  starting  position 
is  with  the  hands  on  the  mat,  they 
push  off  just  as  the  head  leaves.  If 
the  legs  have  gone  high  enough 
65  and  you  have  put  sufficient  impetus 


40 


HOW  TO 


into  your  snap,  you  will  land  as  in  Fig. 
66.  By  keeping  the  legs  straight  and 
throwing  them  still  higher  than  is  shown 
in  the  figure,  you  may  land  standing 
erect. 

.  tr~S  «** 

Leg  Circles — From  position  '4  swing  the  right 
leg  forward,  under  the  right  hand  and  back  to  the 
starting  position. 

Swing  both  legs  toward  the  right  hand.  Pick 
up  the  right  hand  and  rest  on  the  left  hip.  Swing 
the  legs  further  and  turn  onto  the  right  hip,  re- 
placing the  right  hand  and  picking  up  the  left  hand 
to  allow  the  legs  to  pass.  Swing  them  backio  the 
starting  position.  The  head  should  not  be  turned 
at  any  time. 


Jump  Over  One  Leg  —  Take 
the  toe  of  one  shoe  in  the  hand  of 
the  opposite  side  (Fig.  67).  Jump 
over  by  bringing  the  knee  as  close 
to  the  chest  as  possible,  and  keep- 
ing the  held  foot  down  low  ( Fig. 
68).  Keep  tight  hold. 


68 


Chew  the  String — Wrap  two  sticks  of  candy 
separately  in  tissue  paper,  and  tie  six  yards  of 
thread  to  each.  Two  boys  each  take  a  string,  and  the 
candy  is  placed  on  the  floor  eighteen  feet  away. 
At  a  signal,  the  boys  put  the  string  in  their  mouths 


HOW   TO 


41 


and  chew  it.  The  boy  getting  the  candy  to  his 
mouth  first  is  entitled  to  the  other's  piece  as  well 
as  his  own.  The  hands  may  be  tied  behind  the 
back  if  it  is  feared  that  the  boys  will  become 
unduly  eager. 

Vault,  Leg  Circle  Over  Head 

— Two  boys  stand  facing  in  oppo- 
site directions,  and  about  two  feet 
apart.  Another  runs,  springs,  after 
placing  a  hand  on  the  shoulders  of 
each  of  the  two,  and  throws  one  leg 
sideward  over  the  head  of  one  (Fig. 
69),  bringing  it  back  close  to  its  fel- 
low bei'ore  he  alights. 

Low  Down  Dance — Raise  the 

heels,  bend  the  knees  as  much  as 
much  as  possible,  extend  one  leg 
until  it  is  straight,   and   rest  the 
heel  of  that  foot  on  the 
floor,  as  shown  by  Fig. 
70.     With    an    upward 
swing  of  the  arms  and  a 
jump,  change  the   posi- 
tion of  the  legs — alternately  extended  and  benJC,^ 
in  the  figure. 

Lip  Stretch — Take   position   30,   but  do  not 
grasp  the  insteps.   Place  a  pencil  on  the  floor  about 


42  HOW   TO 

three  feet  in  front  of  you.  Without  using  the 
hands,  lean  forward  and  pick  it  up  with  the  lips. 
Try  various  distances. 


71 

Pyramid— (Fig.  71).  Six  boys  take  part. 
To  sit  on  the  shoulders,  one  boy  stands  in  front 
of  another  and  spreads  his  legs.  The  one  behind 
puts  his  head  between  the  spread  legs  and  straight- 
ens up.  The  middle  boy  raises  his  load  as  in  posi- 
tions 54,  55  and  56.  Come  into  the  group  s^oWii 
by  Fig.  71. 

Circle  Race— The  players  form  a  circle  with- 
out joining  hands.  The  "it"  runs  around  the  out- 
side of  the  circle  and  tags  someone.  This  player 
must  run  in  the  direction  opposite  to  that  taken  by 


HOW   TO  43 

"it.1'  They  race  to  see  who  gets  to  the  vacant 
space  first.  If  "if  beats,  the  one  who  was  tagged 
becomes  "it,"  but  if  the  tagged  player  beats,  "it" 
must  try  someone  else,  and  so  on. 

Combinations — Vault,  leg  circle  over  head 
(Fig.  69);  as  the  lad  who  is  jumping  alights,  he 
dives  as  far  as  he  can,  and  rolls  over  forward  with 
shears;  as  his  hands  leave  their  shoulders,  the  other 
boys  roll  forward  with  shears,  and  immediately  roll 
toward  each  other  with  shears  again,  and  come  to 
their  original  position  in  time  for  the  other  lad  to 
vault  as  before,  he  having  straightened  up  and 
started  to  run  as  soon  as  he  finished  his  roll  with 
shears. 

Grasp  the  toe  of  one  shoe  and  jump  over 
(Figs.  67  and  68);  hold  onto  the  toe  and  roll  for- 
ward; repeat;  finish  by  putting  both  hands  to  the 
floor  and  rolling  forward  to  stand. 

Jump  over  one  leg  as  before;  sit  on  the  mat, 
cross  the  legs,  grasp  the  toes  of  both  feet,  and  roll 
forward;  walk  on  the  knees,  with  the  insteps 
crossed;  roll  forward. 


44 


HOW   TO 


IX 

Cartwheel — Stand  with  the 
side  toward  the  mat,  raise  the 
arms  straight  above  the  head, 
and  have  the  palms  of  the 
hands  facing  each  other.  Bend 
slightly  to  one  side,  and  then, 
with  the  greatest  rapidity,  bend  to  the  opposite  side 
and  throw  the  legs  sideward  straight  over  the  head, 
placing  the  nearest  hand  on  the  mat  about  twelve 
inches  from  the  foot  (Figs,  72  and  73).  The  other 
hand  is  placed  down  at  an  easy  reach,  straight  in 
front  of  the  starting  point  (Fig.  74).  The  legs 
describe  a  semi-circle  in  the  air,  the  first  foot  touch- 
ing the  floor  soon  after  the  first  hand  is  raised  (Fig. 
75),  and  the  continuation  of  the  movement  lands 
you  in  the  standing  position.  Keep  both  arms  and 
legs  straight.  The  separate 
parts  of  the  movement  should 
come  in  regular  1,  2,  3,  4 
order.  You  may,  if  you  wish, 
start  facing  the  mat,  with  the 
hands  held  in  front  of  the 
middle  of  the  body,  palms 
of  the  hands  facing  each 
other  and  about  two  feet 
apart,  but  you  must  turn 
73  your  side  to  the  mat  as  the 


HOW   TO 


45 


legs  start  up.  Draw  a  straight  line, 
or  select  a  crack  in  the  floor  to  follow, 
in  order  to  make  sure  that  you  are 
going  straight.  After  a  good 
deal  of  practice  in  turning  cartwheels 

in   a  straight    line, 

try   turning    them 

around  a  circle.    In 

doing  this,  you  may 

find  it  necessary  to 

make  a  jump  from  one  foot  after 

each  turn. 

Stooping  Push — Toe  a  line  with  the  feet  well 
spread.  Reach  behind  the  heels,  take  a  book,  and 
see  how  far  forward  you  can  push  it  (keeping  both 
hands  together),  without  losing  your  balance. 

Snap  Up  Variations— Fold  the  arms  across 
the  chest  and  snap  up.  This  requires  a  more  vigor- 
ous throw  of  the  legs  and  a  harder  push  from  the 
head  and  shoulders  than  when  the  hands  are  used. 

Start  to  do  a  forward  roll,  but  pause  an  instant 
when  the  shoulders  touch  the  mat,  then  snap  up. 
Bend  forward  and  repeat.  Do  three  or  four  in  suc- 
cession, 

Do  a  hand  stand;  bend  the  arms  slowly  until 
the  head  touches  the  mat,  and  drop  the  leg  back- 
ward to  position  20.  As  the  shoulders  touch  the 
mat,  snap  up.  Do  the  same  from  a  head  stand. 


46 


HOW  TO 


76 


Splits  — Sit  on 

the  floor  and  see  if 
you  can  move  the 
legs  sidewards  until 
they  form  right  an- 
gles with  the  trunk 
(Fig.  76).  From  the 
standing  position  move  one  leg  forward  and  the 
other  backward  until  the  thighs  rest  on  the  floor 
(Fig.  77).  Either  sit  erect  or  bend  forward.  Be 

very  careful  in  trying 

this   exercise.     Go 
^slowly,   and    do    not 

allow  anyone  to  touch 

you. 

Chair  Circle — Lie  on  three  chairs.  Stiffen  the 
body  from  head  to  heels,  pick  the  middle  chair  up, 
lift  it  across  the  body  and  replace  it  from  the  oppo- 
site side. 


Elbow  Rock  —  Two  boys 
stand  back  to  back  and  lock 
elbows.  Raise  each  other  alter, 
nately  from  the  floor.  Finish 
by  releasing  the  grasp  and  both 
rolling  forward. 

Heel    and  Toe  — Have  the 

heels    together    and     the     toes 


78 


HOW  TO 

pointed  outward.  Raiae  the  right  toes  an 
jeft  heel;  turn  the  left  heel  outward  and  the 
right  toes  inward.  Raise  the  right  heel  and  the  left 
toes;  move  the  right  heel  inward  and  the  left  toes 
outward,  and  so  on. 

Pyramid— (Fig. 79).  The 
lower  men  take  their  positions 
as  described  for  Fig.  50.  The 
top  man  either  climbs  up,  or 
takes  his  position  from  stand- 
ing on  the  shoulders  of  a 
fourth 


Combinations  —  Roll 
backward  to  stand;  elephant 
walk;  grasp  ankles  (Fig.  15), 
and  roll  forward. 

Roll  backward  to  stand; 
79  little  crab's  walk;  jump  back- 

ward on  shoulders;  roll  forward  to  stand. 
Hand  spring;  roll  forward;  snap  up. 
Hand  spring;  head  spring;  snap  up;  roll  over. 
Balance  on  elbows;   head  stand;  roll  forward 
and  snap  up. 

End  over  end  (Fig.  60).  As  A  (the  boy  who 
is  stiff),  reaches  the  upright  position,  B  remains 
behind,  and  A  does  the  forward  fall  (Fig.  32);  B 
takes  hold  of  his  ankles,  and  th&y  do  the  wheel- 
barrow, finishing  by  A  rolling  forward  with  snap 
up,  and  B  rolling  backward  to  stand. 


48 


HOW  TO 


Cat  and  Mouse— All  the  players  but  two  join 
hands  and  form  a  circle.  The  cat  is  to  pursue  and 
catch  the  mouse,  and  in  so  doing  must  follow  the 
exact  route  taken  by  the  mouse,  who,  in  order  to 
escape  capture,  runs  sometimes  inside  the  circle  and 
sometimes  outside,  as  rapidly  and  irregularly  as 
possible.  If  the  cat  should  not  follow  the  exact 


route  taken  by  the  mouse,  the  players  cry  "halt/ 
when  the  foiled  mouser  must  change  places  with 
someone  in  the  ring.  If  the  cat  succeeds  in  fol- 
lowing the  mouse  accurately,  and  gets  near  enough 
to  slap  it  on  the  back,  the  mouse  goes  into  the  ring, 
the  successful  cat  becomes  a,  mouse,  and  a  new  cat 
comes  out  of  the  ring. 


HOW  TO 


49 


X 


Snap  Down — Throw  the  legs  up 
to  the  hand  stand  (Fig.  81),  lean 
forward  from  the  shoulders,  bring 
the  legs  down  by  a  strong  pull  from 
the  abdominal 
muscles,  keep- 
ing the  knees 
straight,  and 
push  up  from 
both  hands 
Throw  the 


81 

(Fig.  82). 
head  up  and 
land  with  the  feet  where  the  hands  have  been,  or 
some  distance  in  advance. 


Chair  Tricks— To  lift  a  chair  by  the  rung, 
take  hold  with  the  palm  up.  Slide  the  chair  a  little 
way  from  you,  then  pull  it  quickly  toward  you, 
bearing  down  on  the  rung  so  as  to  raise  the  legs 
farthest  from  you  a  little,  then  lift  and  hold  it 
horizontally  at  arm's  length. 

To  tarn  over  in  a  chair,  stand  behind  and  lean 
forward  over  the  back.  Take  hold  of  the  seat  with 
both  hands.  Put  the  back  of  the  head  down  and 
allow  the  legs  to  drag  over  the  back  of  the  chair- 
Slip  the  hands  up  the  chair,  draw  the  back  slowly 
up  and  the  legs  slowly  down  until  you  are  in  the 
usual  sitting  posture. 


50 


HOW   TO 


Cradle  Rock — Two  boys  sit  on  the  mat,  facing 
each  other,  and  catch  hold  of  each  other's  arms 
near  the  shoulders.  One  boy's  legs  are  on  top  of 
the  other's  (Fig.  83),  A  drops  backward  onto  his 
shoulders,  wrapping  his 
legs  about  B's  back  as  he 
falls,  while  B  draws  his 
feet  in  and  stands  with 
bent  knees  over  A  (Fig, 
84).  B  then  sits  on  A's 
haunches,  and  drops  back- 
ward onto  his  shoulders,  while  A 
assumes  the  position  just  held  by 
B.  This  is  repeated  several 
times;  then  just  as  A's  shoul- 
ders touch  the  mat,  B  releases 
his  grasp,  dives  about  three  feet 
beyond  A's  head  and  rolls  over 
forward,  while  A  rolls  over  back- 
ward. This  can  be  varied  by  maintaining  the 
grasp  and  rolling  together  several  times. 

Bull  in  the  Ring — The  players  join  hands  and 
form  a  circle,  with  one  player  on  the  inside,  who  is 
"bull."  It  is  his  part  to  make  a  rush,  break 
through  the  ring  and  escape,  and  the  part  of  the 
boys  who  form  the  ring  to  hold  their  hands  so  fast 
together  that  he  cannot  break  their  hold.  When 
the  bull  breaks  through  the  ring,  he  is  pursued 
until  captured,  and  the  boy  who  seizes  him  first  is 


84 


HOW   TO 


51 


bull.  A  good  bull  will  lead  the  others  a  merry 
chase,  and  if  he  gets  back  and  touches  some  mark 
agreed  upon,  he  is  bull  again. 

Balance,  Knee  and  Hand  in  Hand — A  lies  on 
his  back,  with  his  heels  drawn  up  against  his  hips, 

and  raises  both  arms. 
B  stands  on  A's  knees 
and  takes  hold  o£  his 
hands.  He  then  leans 
forward,  picks  up  one 
hand,  puts  a  knee 
down  in  place  of 
it,  and  extends  the 
free  arm  and  the  free 
leg  to  a  horizontal  position  (Fig.  85). 


85 


Dives — Have  a  ring  held 
waist  high  and  dive  through. 
Break  your  fall  by  bending 
the  arms  slowly  and  touching 
the  back  of  the  head  first.  If 
you  alight  on  your  shoulders, 
you  will  be  severely  jarred.  In- 
crease the  height  and  distance. 
Instead  of  a  ring,  have  two 
take  hold  of  hands  and  impro- 
vise a  ring  (Fig.  86).  Have  several  couples  stand 
in  line,  just  far  enough  apart  to  enable  you  to  roll 
close  to  stand  and  dive  again. 


52  HOW   TO 

Hand  Wrestle — Two  boys 
clasp  hands  and  pltice  their 
right  feet  against  each  other. 
Then,  by  bending,  pushing, pull- 
ing, each  tries  to  make  the  other 
move  one  or  both  feet  from  its 
place  (Fig.  87).  The  free 
hand  must  not  be  used. 

Turn  the  Bars — Form  a  line  by  all  joining 
hands.  The  end  boys  run  to  the  centre,  drawing 
the  others  with  them,  pass  under  the  uplifted  hands 
of  the  two  there,  and  return  to  their  former  posi- 
tions. Each  succeeding  time  they  run  under  the 
arms  of  the  pair  nearest  to  their  respective  ends 
from  the  centre,  until  all  are  passed  under,  and  all 
stand  with  arms  crossed.  Release  the  grasps,  and 
race  an  agreed  distance  to  see  who  will  be  ends  next. 

Combinations — Snap  up;  roll  forward  with 
shears; roll  backward  to  hand  stand,  and  snap  down. 

Fall  forward;  leg  circles  on  the  mat  to  posi- 
tion 4;  jump  between  the  hands;  roll  backward  to 
hand  stand,  and  snap  down. 

Two  boys  start  from  opposite  ends  of  the  mat, 
and  each  does  a  hand  spring;  roll  forward;  cradle 
rock;  finish  with  one  doing  the  dive  and  the  other 
the  back  roll  to  hand  stand,  and  snap  down. 

Take  position  79;  the  top  boy  steps  off  for- 
ward and  rolls  over  twice,  the  second  time  with 


HOW   TO 


53 


shears;  the  others  straighten  until  the  feet  of  both 
rest  on  the  floor,  and  then  roll  forward  once  with 
shears;  roll  toward  each  other  with  shears  again, 
and  take  positions  in  time  for  the  other  boy  to 
vault  as  in  Fig.  69;  he  takes  two  or  three  steps  for- 
ward and  stops;  the  others  run  to  him  and  lift  him 
as  in  Fig.  24;  upon  letting  him  down,  all  three  roll 
backward  to  hand  stand  and  snap  down. 

Pyramid  — (Fig,  88). 
Three  boys  stand  side  by  side, 
and  put  the  near  arms  on  one 
another's  shoulders.  Three 
others  do  the  same  and  stand 
directly  behind  the  first  three, 
the  outside  boys  putting  their 
free  hands  on  the  shoulders 
of  those  in  front,  Two  others 
mount,  kneel  on  the  arms  of 
those  behind,  and  place  their 
hands  on  the  arms  of  those  in 
front,  dividing  their  weight  as 
equally  as  possible.  Another 
stands  on  the  backs  of  the  two,  taking  hio  position 
from  standing  on  the  shoulders  of  someone  else. 
If  great  care  is  exercised,  the  pyramid  may  go 
travelling. 


88 


HOW  TO 


y  XI 

Double    Elephant    Walk  —  Two 

boys  stand  facing  each  other,  and 
take  hold  of  each  others  arms  near 
the  shoulders,  or  one  places  his  hands 
on  the  shoulders  and  the  other  his  on 
the  waist.  It  having  been  agreed 
who  is  to  do  the  supporting,  the  other 
springs  up  and  crosses  his  ankles  be- 
hind the  supporter's  back  (Fig.  89). 
Call  the  boy  who  is  standing  in  that 
figure  A  and  the  other  B,  A 
that  they  are 


89 


apart,  while  B 
grasp  of  his 
backward,  sup- 
til  his  hands 
A  then  lets  go 
forward,  while 
tween  A's  legs 


moves  his  legs  so 
about  three  feet 
releases  the 
hands  and  bends 
ported  by  A  un- 
touch  the  floor, 
of  B,  and  leans 
B  crawls  be- 
(Fig.  90).  As 


soon  as  A's  hands  touch  the  floor,  B  places  his 
hands  on  A's  ankles  and  straight- 
ens his  arms  (Fig.  91).  If  A  is 
very  strong,  a  small  boy  can  sit 
astride  his  hips  and  catch  hold 
of  B's  feet.  Return  to  starting 
position  by  having  A  stand  and 
B  crawl  back  from  between  his 


HOW   TO  55 

legs,  and  be  assisted  to  position  89,  or  have  B  un- 
couple his  ankles  and  both  roll  forward. 

Jump— Hold  a  stick  about  three  feet 
long  horizontally  in  front  and  jump  over 
it.  Lock  the  fingers  of  both  hands  to- 
gether and  do  the  same  (Fig.  92). 

Hand  Stands  —  One-arm    hand 
stand — Get   a  balance;    then   gradually 
move  the  legs  toward  the  side  on  which 
you  are  to  stand,  and  slowly  raise  one  hand. 

Vertical  hand  stand — The  ears  are  to  be  di- 
rectly opposite  the  arms,  the  back  is  straight  and 
the  feet  are  directly  above  the  head.  Both  of  these 
hand  stands  are  extremely  difficult  to  hold. 

Head  Stand — A  advances  one 
foot,  leans  forward  and  puts  his 
arms  underneath  the  knee.  B  puts 
his  hands  on  A's  hips  and  does  a 
head  stand.  Ke  either  drops  back 
to  his  starting  point,  rolls  over,  or 
does  a  head  spring  over.  If  the 
last  is  to  be  done,  have  someone 
take  hold  of  B's  collar  with  one 
hand  and  put  the  other  hand  on  his  chest,(Fig.  93). 

Head  Spring  from  Head  Stand — Do  a  head 
stand,  then  let  the  legs  drop  back  to  position  20. 
Instead  of  rolling  forward  from  this  position,  throw 


5(5 


HOW   TO 


the  legs  strongly  forward  and  as  high  as  possible, 
and  just  as  they  begin  to  descend,  push  strongly 
from  the  hands.  You  will  alight  in  something 
like  position  66. 


Balance,  Knees  in  Hands— 

A  lies  on  hia  back  with  his 
heels  against  his  hips  ami 
raises  his  arms.  B  stands  on  A's 
knees,  places  his  hands  in  A's? 
and  leans  forward,  putting 
first  one  knee  and  then  the  other 
in  place  of  his  hands,  and 
straightens  up  (Fig.  94). 


94. 


95 


Arm,  Leg  and  Lips — 

Take  position  4,  then  turn 
over  onto  one  side  (Fig.  95) 
Have  something  placed 
aear  the  hand  that  is  on 
the  floor.  Bend  the  elbow, 
and  turn  the  face  so  as  to  pick  it  up  with  the  lips, 
without  losing  your  balance  or  touching  the  floor 
with  aught  but  the  side  of  the  foot  and  one  hand. 

Long  Reach — Toe  a  mark,  bend  the  knees  and 
lean  forward  to  rest  on  one  hand  with  the  arai 
straight.  See  how  far  in  front  you  can  make  a 
mark  with  a  pencil  in  free  hand,  and  return  to  the 
standing  position,  without  advancing  beyond  the 


HOW   TO 


57 


line,  losing  the  balance,  or  assisting  yourself  with 
the  marking  hand. 

Pyramid  — (Fig, 

06).  Four  boys  take 
position  50,  and  the 
two  couples  come  near 
enough  to  each  other 
to  allow  a  fifth  boy 
to  take  his  stand  on 
the  hips  of  the  sup- 
porters. The  upper 
boys  hold  him  by  his 
belt.  Still  another 

boy  does  a  hand  staod  in  the  open  space,  and  is 
supported  by  number  five  taking  hold  of  his  ankles. 


Combinations — Balance  on  the  elbows;  head 
stand;  head  sor'ag  from  head  stand;  dive  and  roll. 

Hand  stand;  snap  down;  roll  backward  with 
shears;  roll  forward  with  snap  up. 

Take  position  60;  when  the  boy  who  is  being 
lifted  reaches  a  vertical  position,  he  should  fall  for- 
ward, roll  over  and,  as  he  comes  to  his  feet,  throw 
his  legs  up  to  hand  stand;  the  other  boy  now  takes 
him  as  in  Fig.  50,  and  walks  around;  then  both 
stand  back  to  back,  lock  arms,  and  do  the  twins' 
promenade  (Fig.  22). 


58  HOW   TO 

Battle  With  Balls— The  players  divide  into 
camps  of  equal  numbers,  each  one  being  supplied 
with  two  or  three  tennis  halls.  The  limits  of  each 
camp  are  to  be  plainly  marked.  A  player  of  one 
side  is  not  allowed  to  enter  the  camp  of  the  oppo- 
site team,  nor  to  pick  up  a  ball  which  lies  within 


the  boundary  of  that  camp,  but  he  may  go  as 
close  to  the  line  as  he  wishes.  It  is  not  allowed  to 
throw  a  ball  at  the  head  or  face.  All  the  maneu- 
vers of  strategy  and  open  attack  are  'to  be  tried. 
The  camps  should  be  far  enough  apart  to  give  zest 
to  the  fight.  Play  continues  until  one  side  has 
had  enough, 


HOW  TO 


59 


98 


XII 

Hand   Stand    Roll  — Two 

boys  are  to  stand  so  that  one  is 
directly  behind  the  other.  Call 
the  one  in  front  A  and  the  other 
B.  A  is  to  have  his  heels  to- 
gether. B  puts  his  hands  on  the 
mat  close  to  A's  heels  and  throws 
his  legs  up  to  hand  stand  posi- 
sition.  As  they  are  coming  up, 
A  turns  his  head  so  as  to  see 
and  grasp  the  ankles,  which  he  separates  and  pulls 
down  over  his  shoulders.  He  then  advances  one 
foot  a  little,  leans  forward  (Fig.  98),  and  pulls 
hard,  while  B  swings  his 
hands  and  head  forward.  A 
continues  to  bend  forward  un- 
til he  places  B's  feet  on  the 
mat  (Fig.  99).  The  move- 
ment is  then  repeated  with  A 
behind  and  B  in  front.  Travel 
across  the  mat  in  this  way. 
99  The  boy  in  front  must  be  very 

careful  not  to  bend  forward  too  fast,  or  he  will 
throw  the  other  flat  on  his  face.  As  you  become 
somewhat  accustomed  to  the  movement,  the  speed 
can  be  increased  without  danger  by  having  the  boy 
doing  the  hand  stand  keep  his  head  well  back  as 
his  body  conies  forward. 


60  HOW  TO 

Double  Dive  —  Two  boys 
face  each  other  about  three  feet 
apart.  A  leans  forward  and 
and  rolls  toward  B,  keeping  his 
legs  well  back  and  spread  as  far 
as  possible.  Before  A's  legs  be- 
gin to  descend,  B  leans  forward 
and  dives  between  them  (Fig.  100),  landing  a  foot 
or  more  beyond  A's  head.  Both  roll  to  stand,  make 
a  half  turn  on  the  spot  and  repeat,  B  rolling  and  A 
diving.  The  boy  who  dives  must  go  high  enough 
to  make  allowance  for  the  head  of  the  other  rising 
quite  a  little.  Be  especially  careful  on  this  point, 
or  one  will  get  a  bad  hurt. 

Jump  Little  Nag-Tail—There  should  be  six 
or  eight  on  a  side.  The  leader  of  one  side  stands 
upright  against  a  wall,  on  which  he  places  his 
hands.  The  rest  stand  one  behind  the  other,  with 
arms  about  the  waist  of  the  next  in  front.  One  of 
the  other  side  then  runs,  places  his  hands  on  the 
back  of  the  "nag"  nearest  him,  and  endeavors  to 
spring  onto  the  back  of  the  foremost.  He  is  fol- 
lowed by  all  the  others.  If  there  should  not  be 
room  for  all  to  get  on,  owing  to  the  first  boy  not 
jumping  far  enough,  the  sides  then  change,  the 
nags  becoming  riders  and  the  riders  nags.  If  any 
of  the  nags  in  trying  to  support  the  weight  touch 
the  ground  with  either  their  hands  or  knees,  play 
is  resumed  without  changing  sides.  If  all  the 


HOW  TO 


61 


riders  get  into  place  and  keep  their  positions  while 
the  leader  counts  twenty,  sides  are  not  changed,  but 
if  any  fall  off  during  the  count,  sides  are  changed. 
The  nags  should  raise  their  backs  upward,  and  the 
riders  should  give  warning  before  every  jump. 

Forward  Fall,  Two  High — One  boy  stands  on 
another's  shoulders.  They  both  try  to  keep  a 
straight  line  from  the  head  of  the  upper  to  the 
heels  of  the  lower  boy,  and  lean  forward  as  far  as 
possible  without  tumbling  over  (Fig.  101).  Just 


101  102 

as  they  are  about  to  fall  flat,  the  upper  boy  steps  to 
the  ground  (Fig.  102),  and  both  immediately  bend 
forward  and  roll  over.  The  upper  boy  must  not 
push  back  as  he  leaves  the  other's  shoulders. 

One-Hand  Hand  Spring  —Take  a  short  run; 
put  one  hand  down  in  line  with  same  side  of  the  body; 


HOW   TO 


throw  the  legs  as  high  and  as  hard  as  possible,  and 
push  off  with  the  hand  as  they  begin  to  descend. 
Be  careful  about  placing  the  hand  in  line  with  its 
own  Bide  of  the  body;  if  you  place  it  in  front  of 
the  middle,  you  run  the  risk  of  getting  an  injury 
to  your  elbow. 

Hand  Stand  On  the  Knees, 
Standing — A  spreads  his  legs  and 
bends  his  knees  a  little.  B,  either 
with  or  without  a  short  run,  places 
his  hands  on  A's  knees,  throws  his 
legs  up  to  hand  stand  position,  and 
is  caught  by  the  belt,  or  hips,  and 
held  by  A,  who  leans  back  enough 
to  balance  both. 

Hand  Spring  With  Feet  To- 
gether — Bend  forward  very  quickly 
and  jump  hard.  This  requires  a  stronger  push  from 
the  arms  than  the  usual  method. 

Hop  and  Hand  Spring — Hop  and  do  a  hand 
spring  with  both  hands;  then  with  one  hand. 

Jumping  Handspring — Take  a  good  run;  jump 
from  both  feet  and  throw  the  legs  very  high,  and 
as  you  jump,  throw  the  hands  down  quickly.  If 
you  have  jumped  well,  you  will  do  little  more  than 
touch  the  lingers  to  the  "mat.  The  hands  do  not 
touch  until  after  the  feet  are  in  the  air. 


103 


HOW  TO 


68 


Twist  Under  a  Wand- 
Take  a  stick  three  or  four  feet 
long  and  put  one  end  against 
the  ground,  so  that  it  will  not 
slip.  Place  one  hand  about  a 
foot  above  the  ground,  and 
the  other  at  the  opposite  end 
of  the  stick  (Fig.  104).  Bend 

and   turn   so    that 


104 


105 


the  head 
comes  beneath  the  lower  hand 
(Figs.  105,  106),  and  back  to 
the  starting  position  without 
losing  your  balance.  Keep  in 
line  with  the  stick  as  you 
turn. 


106 


Combinations  —  Hand 
stand  roll  several  times, 
then  one  boy  rolls  forward, 
rises  and  places  his  hands 
on  his  thighs  for  the  other 
to  roll  over,  as  in  Fig.  57. 

Snap  up;  roll  forward  with  shears;  little 
crab's  walk  (Fig.  59);  roll  backward  to  hand  stand, 
and  snap  down. 

Double  elephant  walk;  roll  forward;  make  & 
half  turn,  step  toward  each  other  and  stand  on  the 
shoulders;  fall  forward  and  roll. 

Hand  spring;  head  spring;  snap  up;  roll  over. 


64  HOW  to 

Toe  Wrestling— Two  boys  face   each   other, 

fold  their  arms  and  hop.  By  a  side  movement  of 

the  leg,  each  wrestler  tries  to  make  his  opponent 
put  his  raised  foot  down, 


107 

Pyramid — (Fig,  107).  Nine  boys  take  part. 
The  two  sitting  on  the  shoulders  are  first  raised  to 
their  positions.  The  boy  standing  on  the  arms  of 
their  supporters  then  mounts,  one  of  the  two  stand- 
ing on  the  mat  making  a  step  for  him  by  bending 
one  knee.  The  outside  boys  then  kneel  and  the 
last  two  step  up.  Each  couple  takes  hold  with 
the  hands,  as  shown,  immediately  upon  taking 
positions. 


HOW   TO 


65 


XIII 

Double  Roll — A  lies  flat  on 
his  back.  B  stands  with  a  foot 
on  each  side  of  A1s  head,  facing 
toward  his  feet.  A  raises  his 
legs  so  that  B  can  grasp  his 
ankles,  and  at  the  same  time  he 
grasps  B's  ankles  (Fig.  108).  A 
must  now  make  his  legs  per- 
fectly limber  in  B's  hands.  B 
leans  forward  and  puts  A's  feet 
on  the  floor  close  to  his  hips,  and  as  they  touch  the 


108 


floor,  he  gives 
(Fig.  109), 
ward  (Fig. 
his  arms  slow- 
when  the  back 
touches  the 
out  a  severe 
forward,  A 


109 


a  slight  jump 
and  rolls  for- 
110),  bending 
iy,  so  that 
of  his  head 
mat,  it  is  with- 
jar.  As  Broils 
arises  and  re- 


peats  the  movements  which  B  has  just  done.  Be 
sure  to  let  the  back  of  your 
head  touch  the  mat  first  in 
the  roll.  In  order  to  go 
fast,  have  the  boy  who  is 
down  hold  the  upper  boy 
back  a  little  as  he  jumps 
110  forward  to  roll,  and  thus 


66  HOW   TO 

avoid  a  shock.  To  roll  backward  from  position 
108,  B  sits  on  his  heels,  leans  backward,  and  pulls 
as  hard  as  he  can,  while  A  pushes  from  his  head 
and  shoulders  and  straightens  his  arms.  Fig.  109 
shows  the  position  just  as  A  has  straightened  his 
arms.  Repeat  the  roll  forward  two  or  three  times, 
and  then  roll  backward  to  your  starting  point. 

Bucking  Broncho  —  From 
the  hand  stand  position  bring  the 
legs  downward  by  a  strong  pull 
of  the  abdominal  muscles,  and 
push  up  from  the  hands  before 
the  feet  reach  the  floor.  As  the 
hands  leave  the  mat,  swing  111 

them  backward  past  the  sides,  and  alight  leaning  a 
trifle  forward,  with  the  arms  well  back  past  the 
sides  of  the  legs.  With  a  jump,  swing  the  hands 
forward  onto  the  in  at  and  throw  the  legs  up  to 
hand  stand  position.  This  is  repeated,  and  you 
progress  backward  each  time  the  feet  return  to  the 
floor.  The  exercise  is  a  fast  one.  It  is  a  variation 
of  the  snap  down  (Figs.  81 
and  82).  A  more  realistic 
form  of  bucking  is  shown  by 
Figs.  Ill  and  112.  In  this 
style,  start  "by  raising  the 
hands  to  the  front  of  the 
chest,  with  the  palms  turned 
112  ****  forward;  lean  forward  and 


HOW   TO 


67 


jump  onto  the  hands,  with  the  arms  held  nearly 
straight,  and  at  the  same  time  raise  the  knees  to 
the  chest  (Fig.  111).  Just  before  the  hands  touch 
the  mat,  kick  the  legs  out  to  their  fullest  extent 
(Fig.  112),  then  bring  the  feet  down  and  the  hands 
back,  as  described  for  the  previous  style. 

Backward  Fall  —  Lean  back- 
ward, with  the  body  straight  from 
head  to  heels.  Just  before  you 
reach  the  point  where  you  must 
fall  on  your  back  (Fig.  113),  bend 
sharply  forward  from  the  waist 
(Fig.  114),  touching  the  calves  of 
the  legs,  then  the  thighs,  and  you 
will  come  down  without  a  jar. 

Potato  Race — Eight  or  ten  po- 
tatoes, stones,  caps,  or  Indian  clubs, 
are  to  be  placed  in  line,  each  sepa- 
rated from  the  next  by  a  distance 
of  ten  feet,  more  or  less,  as  de- 
sired. A  similar  •  arrangement  is 
made  for  each  player,  A  recep- 
tacle is  provided  for  each  com- 
petitor at  the  starting  line.  The 
articles  are  to  be  picked  up  one  at 
a  time  and  placed  in  the  recep- 
tacle. The  one  properly  completing  the  task  first, 
of  course,  wins.  The  players  may  pick  up  the 
articles  in  any  order  they  choose, 


113 


114 


68  HOW   TO 

Elbow  Stand  —  Place  the  fore- 
arms on  the  mat,  and  throw  the  legs 
up  to  hand  stand  position.  You  must 
bend  the  back  a  good  deal,  and  keep 
the  chin  raised  high. 

Hop  and  Reach — From  a  start- 
115  ing  line,  with  a  pencil  in  one  hand, 
hop  once,  reach  forward  and  make  a  mark  on  the 
floor.  Continue  for  four  or  five  hops.  You  must 
recover  your  balance  after  each  mark  without  touch- 
ing the  raised  foot  or  the  free  hand  to  the  floor.  If 
out  of  doors,  put  sticks  into  the  ground,  instead  of 
making  a  mark.  See  who  can  beat. 

Combinations — Hand  spring;  roll  forward 
with  snap  up;  backward  fall;  roll  backward  to 
hand  stand;  and  snap  down. 

Cartwheel;  hand  stand;  bucking  broncho,  either 
style. 

Two  high,  fall  forward  and  roll  to  position  70; 
both  do  the  low  down  dance;  roll  backward  to 
the  shoulders,  and  snap  up. 

Pyramid — Have  two  boys  face  each  other  and 
grasp  each  other's  arms  close  to  the  shoulder.  One 
of  them  is  to  advance  one  leg  and  bend  the  knee  a 
good  deal.  A  third  boy  is  to  put  one  foot  on  the 
step  thus  formed,  and  climb  so  as  to  have  both 
knees  on  the  shoulders  of  one  of  the  two,  and  both 


HOW  TO 

hands  on  the  shoulders  of  the 
other.  The  supporter  then  puts 
his  heels  together.  In  the 
meantime,  two  other  boys  have 
taken  position  56— that  is,  one 
is  standing  on  the  shoulders  of 
the  other.  They  now  come 
close  to  the  three,  and  the  upper 
boy  steps  onto  the  one  who  is 
kneeling,  placing  one  foot  on  his 
hips,  and  the  other  on  his 
shoulders,  and  strikes  an  atti- 
tude for  an  instant.  He  then 
steps  off  sideward,  and  the  one 
who  is  kneeling  pushes  off  back- 
ward. The  attitude  shown  in 
the  picture  means  "I  am  in  a 
hurry  to  get  down.1' 


116 


The  Beater  Goes  Round— (Fig.  117).  The 
players  form  a  circle,  each  one  crossing  his  wrists 
behind  his  own  back.  One  then  goes  round  the 
outside  of  the  circle  with  the  beater  (generally  a 
knotted  handkerchief ),  in  his  hand.  The  players 
must  look  straight  ahead;  anyone  looking  round 
receives  a  slap  with  the  beater.  As  soon  as  the 
player  who  is  "it''  sees  fit,  he  places  the  beater  in 
the  hands  of  another  player,  and  continues  on  his 
round  as  before,  the  one  receiving  the  beater  giving 
no  sign  for  a  minute  or  two.  Suddenly  he  com- 


70 


HOW   TO 


mences  to  beat  his  right-hand  neighbor,  and  chases 
him  around  the  ring  until  he  reaches  his  place. 
The  one  who  was  "it"  first  takes  the  place  of  the 
player  to  whom  he  gave  the  beater.  Each  player 
should  carefully  watch  the  faces  and  the  gestures 


117 


of  the  one  who  is  "it,"  and  also  of  his  companions, 
in  order  to  tell  who  has  the  beater,  and  to  escape 
the  blows  if  his  neighbor  should  chance  to  have  it, 
or  to  avoid  causing  a  laugh  if  he  should  become 
afraid  and  run  without  cause;  but  he  must  avoid 
turning  his  head  or  he  will  receive  a  blow. 


HOW   TO 


71 


118 


XIV 

Pull  Over  the  Back— Two 
boys  stand  back  to  back,  with 
the  arms  upstretched  and  clasp- 
ing hands.  One  of  them  has  his 
heels  together  and  the  other  has 
one  foot  a  little  advanced  (Fig. 
118).  Their  heads  are  to  drop 
back  on  each  other's  shoulders 
and  they  must  agree  in  advance 
which  is  to  pull  and  which  side 
of  the  head  each  is  to  take.  A  is 
facing  left  in  the  figure,  and  is 
to  pull.  Both  bend  their  knees 
a  little,  being  especially  careful  to  keep  their  shoul- 
ders and  hips  touching  exactly  as  they  were  when 
standing  upright.  B  gives  a 
slight  spring  and  lifts  his  knees 
as  close  to  his  chest  as  possible. 
A  bends  forward  just  a  little  as 
B  springs,  but  does  not  pull  un- 
til B  has  had  time  to  get  his 
his  knees  well  up  toward  his 
chest.  A  then  bends  forward 
sharply  and  pulls  hard  (Fig. 
119).  When  the  point  shown 
in  this  figure  is  reached,  A 
119  straightens  up,  so  that  B  can 


72 


HOW  TO 


alight  standing  erect,  In  beginning,  you  should 
have  someone  assist  B  to  get  his  knees  up  at  the 
start  by  putting  a  hand  under  his  thigh  and  lifting 
a  little,  and  when  he  has  reached  position  119  put 
an  arm  across  his  chest  just  beneath  the  arms  to 
prevent  any  possibility  of  his  coming  down  on  his 
knees  or  slipping  off  on  his  head.  Both  boys  must 
keep  a  tight  grasp. 

The  Round  Off 

— Face  the  mat  and 
start  to  do  a  cart- 
wheel (Fig.  120). 
Bring  the  legs  to- 
gether when  they 
reach  a  point  above 
your  head,  and  as  the 
hand  first  placed 


120 


down  is  leaving  the  mat, 
turn  so  as  to  face  your 
starting  point.  Give  a  de- 
cided push  with  both 
hands,  throw  the  head  and 
shoulders  up  hard  (Fig. 
121),  and  you  will  land 
standing  nearly  erect. 

Click  the  Heels — Spring  up  in  the  air  and 
click  the  heels  together  twice  before  touching  the 
floor  again.  For  three  times,  click  the  heels,  then 
the  front  part  of  the  feet,  and  then  the  heels  again. 


121 


HOW   TO  73 

Hand   Stand  On  the  Back— 

A  advances  one  foot  and  clasps  his 
arms  beneath  the  knee.  B  does  a 
hand  stand  on  A's  back  (Fig.  122), 
and  either  drops  back  to  his  start- 
ing position,  turns  off  to  one  side, 
or  turns  forward  and  over.  If  he 
does  the  last  named,  he  must  give 
a  good  push  with  his  hands  as  he 
becomes  overbalanced,  and  be  care- 
ful to  keep  his  head  back  so  as  to 
avoid  going  over  too  far.  Have  assistance. 

Head  Push — Toe  a  mark  about  three  feet  from 
a  wall,  first  placing  a  stool  in  front  of  you.  Lean 
forward,  put  the  top  of  the  head  against  the  wall, 
and  pick  up  the  stool.  Push  yourself  back  to  an 
erect  position,  using  the  head  only.  You  can  assist 
yourself  by  bending  the  knees,  drawing  the  hips 
back  and  jerking  the  chair  toward  you  as  you  push. 

Cow — Raise  the  right  leg  and  scratch  the  left 
ear  with  the  toes  of  the  right  foot. 

Head  Spin — From  the  head  stand  move  the 
hands  around,  supporting  a  good  deal  of  the  weight 
upon  them,  and  make  a  half  turn  on  the  head. 
After  you  become  somewhat  familiar  with  turning, 
roll  backward  to  head  stand,  make  a  half  turn  on 
the  head  quickly  before  you  put  your  hands  down, 
then  roll  forward. 


74 


HOW  TO 


Head  Spring  With  a  Half  Turn — Begin  as 
for  a  head  spring,  but  commence  to  turn  the  body  as 
soon  as  the  feet  leave  the  mat,  and  as  the  head  and 
hands  are  leaving,  twist  them  sharply  in  the  same 
direction.  The  legs  must  go  high,  and  you  should 
stand  erect  at  the  finish. 

Jump  From  the  Shoulders  —  A 

and  B  stand  close  together,  facing 
each  other.  A  puts  his  hands  on  B's 
head  and  raises  one  foot.  B  takes 
hold  of  this  leg  half-way  between  the 
knee  and  the  ankle.  A  springs,  as- 
sisted by  B,  to  kneel  on  B's  shoulders, 
with  his  insteps  resting  on  B's  crossed 
arms,  which  are  held  on  a  level  with 
his  shoulders.  A  throws  his  hands  up- 
ward and  springs  forward  (Fig.  123), 
assisted  by  a  slight  lifting  of  B's  shoulders.  Have 
someone  stand  in  front  and  put  an  arm  across  A's 
chest  if  he  stumbles. 

Fox  in  His  Hole — Make  a  circle  to  represent 
the  "hole."  Someone  is  chosen  to  be  the  "fox" 
and  everyone  else  runs  at  large.  The  fox  comes 
out  of  his  hole,  crying,  "  The  fox  is  out  of  his  hole/' 
and  hops  around  on  one  foot,  having  a  knotted 
handkerchief  in  his  hand,  with  which  he  tries  to 
tag  someone.  If  the  fox  stops  hopping  and  goes 
about  on  two  feet  while  out  of  his  hole,  all  unite 


123 


HOW  TO 


75 


124 


to  beat  him  back  into  it,  using  their  knotted  hand- 
kerchiefs for  the  purpose,  and  the  fox  has  a  hard 
time  of  it  until  he  either  hops  again  or  runs  back 
to  his  hole.  If  he  tags  one,  that  player  is  "it." 

Stand    On    Two    Heads  - 

Three  boys  take  part.  Two  do 
hand  stands,  one  beginning  an 
instant  before  the  other.  The 
third  boy  catches  an  ankle  or 
trousers  leg  of  each  as  their 
legs  come  up.  He  then  steps  on 
their  necks  (Fig.  124),  pushing 
back  on  the  legs  a  little  as  he 
puts  each  foot  down.  The  two 
must  keep  their  necks  and  legs  stiff. 

Hand  Spring  Prom  the  Knees — A  takes  the 
position  held  by  him  in  Fig.  125.  B  takes  a  slight 
run,  places  his  hands  on  A's  knees,  and  throws  his 
legs  high  and  fast,  straightening  his  arms  as  the 
legs  rise.  A  has  his  hands  in  readiness  to  give  a 
slight  push  against  B's  shoulders  if  his  head  drops 
too  low.  B  should  alight  standing  perfectly 
straight. 

Combinations — Round  off;  roll  backward  to 
hand  stand,  and  snap  down. 

Round  off;  roll  back  to  position  4;  jump  be 
tween  the  hands;  snap  up. 


76 


HOW   TO 


Cartwheel;  round  off;  sit  on  the  heels,  roll 
backward  to  position  13,  and-  jump  backward  on 
the  shoulders;  snap  up. 

Pull  over  the  back;  jump  from  the  shoulders; 
both  roll  forward,  and  snap  up. 


125 


Shoulder  Stand  On  the 
Hands — A  lies  on  his  back, 
draws  his  feet,  which  are  sepa- 
rated, in  rather  close  to  his 
hips,  braces  his  knees  against 
each  other  and  extends  his 
arms  upward.  B  places  his 
hands  on  A's  knees,  puts  one 
foot  somewhat  in  advance  of 
the  other,  leans  forward  and 
throws  his  legs  upward.  As  B 
comes  forward,  A  places  his 
hands  against  his  shoulders.  B  must  keep  his  head 
back,  hold  his  legs  close  together,  and  have  his  toes 
pointed  upward  (Fig.  125).  B  may  drop  over  to 
his  feet,  assisted  by  a  push  from  A,  or  fall  back  to 
his  starting  position. 

Pyramid— (Fig.  126).  You  will  notice  that 
this  combines  two  distinct  positions,  and  these 
should  be  tried  separately.  Have  two  boys  get 
on  their  hands  and  knees,  with  their  near  shoul- 
ders and  hips  touching.  The  boy  who  is  to 
do  the  head  stand,  having  one  foot  in  advance  of 


HOW  TO 


77 


the  other,  places  one  arm  on  the  outside  of  the 
head  of  each  of  the  kneeling  boys,  with  the 
palms  of  the  hands  resting  against  their 
shoulders  or  their  chests.  He 
leans  forward,  places  his  fore- 
head on  their  backs,  just  behind 
the  shoulder  blades,  and  throws 
his  legs  up  to  a  vertical  position. 
This  posture  is  easy  to  maintain 
for  a  long  time.  He  returns  to 
the  floor  by  allowing  his  legs 
and  feet  to  drop  back  to  their 
original  positions.  The  other 
boys  should  try  their  part,  first, 
with  the  upper  boy  sitting 
down.  It  may  be  found  easier 
for  the  upper  boy  to  place  his 
right  knee  on  the  under  one's  right  shoulder  and 
clasp  his  supporter's  left  hand  with  his  left,  instead 
of  doing  it  as  shown  in  the  picture.  He  should 
balance  almost  entirely  upon  his  knee.  When 
ready  to  try  the  combination,  have  the  two  boys 
kneel;  the  boy  who  is  standing  then  takes  his 
place;  then  the  lad  does  his  head  stand,  and  has  his 
legs  encircled  by  the  one  who  is  standing,  Next 
the  uppermost  boy  takes  his  position,  having  pre- 
viously climbed  onto  the  shoulders  of  an  outsider 
and  been  brought  close  the  others, 


126 


78 


HOW   TO 


127 


XV 

Pull    Over,    Hands    Between 

the    Legs—Call  the  boy  with  his 

arms  between  his  legs  B  and  the 

other  A(Fig.  127).  B  springs  as  well 

as  he  can  and  puts  his  chin  against 

his  chest,  while  A  pulls  vigorously 

and  straightens  up.     B  must  keep 

his   legs  well   spread,   so   that  he 

straddles   A's    body  as    he  comes 

over   (Fig.   128).     A  con- 
tinues  to  pull,  but  at  the 
same   time  he  pushes   B's 
legs    away   by    a    forward 
shove  of  the  body,  so  that 
the    finish    is    almost    at 
arm's    length,  the   two   boys  facing 
each  other. 

Chair  and  Pin — Stick  a  pin  un- 
128    der  one   side  of  the  back  of  a  chair. 
Without  getting  off  the  chair,  reach  around  from 
the  opposite  side  and  pull   the  pin  out  with  the 
teeth. 

Backward  Bend— Grasp  a  stick  about  two  feet 
from  its  end.  Place  the  hands  just  beneath  the 
nose,  bend  the  knees,  throw  the  abdomen  forward  and 


HOW  TO  79 

bend  backward  until  the  end  of  the  stick  touches 
the  ground. 

Stoop  If  You  Can — Place  your  heels 
against  a  wall  which  has  no  projecting 
board  at  the  bottom.     Have  something 
placed  near  your  toes,  and  try  to  get  it 
by   bending    forward   from    the    waist, 
keeping  the  knees  straight,  and  without 
losing   your   balance.      If    you   have   a       129 
flexible  spine,  and  can  double  up   like  the  boy  in 
the  cut,  you  can  do  it.     Clasp  the  back  of  the  legs, 
put  the  chin  against  the  chest,  and  go  doubling 
down.     Return  in  the  same  manner. 

Straddle  Backward  —  A  ad- 
vances one  leg  and  kneels  with  the 
other.  B  stands  with  his  back  to 
A,  with  his  legs  spread,  his  knees 
bent,  and  his  hands  between  his 
legs,  with  the  thumbs  next  each 
other.  A  puts  his  thumbs  under 
B's  thumbs,  and  the  palmg  of  his 
hands  across  B's.  B  gives  a  good 
upward  spring,  leaning  backward 
he  rises.  A  pushes  upward  as 
hard  as  he  can  (Fig.  130),  and 
lets  go  just  as  B  is  passing  over  his  head. 

Throw   Backward,  Lying  On  the   Back — A 
lies  on  his  back,  places  his  hands  alongside  his  head 


80 


HOW  TO 


131 


as  in  the  backward  roll,  and  raises 
his  legs.  B  stands  with  one  foot 
under  A's  hips,  the  other  along- 
side the  lower  part  of  his  chest, 
and  grasps  his  ankles  with  thumbs 
uppermost  (Fig.  131).  A  must 
make  his  legs  limber.  B  presses 
A's  knees  down  against  his  chest, 
lifts  his  feet  quickly  as  high  as  his 
face,  and  then  pushes  away.  A 
pushes  hard  with  his  head  and 
hands  as  soon  as  B  begins  to  lift 

(Fig.   132),   and    throws   his 

head    and    shoulders   sharply 

upward  and  backward  as  his 

hands    leave    the    mat.      He 

should  alight  standing  erect. 

Combinations — Starting 
from  the  same  end  of  the 
mat,  A  does  a  hand  spring 
and  halts;  B  follows  with  a 
snap  up,  and  both  tuke  the 
starting  position  described  for  Fig.  130;  A  strad- 
dles backward;  B  straightens  his  rear  leg  and  puts 
his  arms  under  the  forward  thigh,  and  A  does  a 
head  stand  on  his  back  (Fig.  93);  A  does  a  head 
spring  from  this  position,  or  rolls  over  to  the 
mat  and  rolls  again;  B  does  a  snap  up,  or  roll 
over. 


132 


HOW   TO 


81 


Shoulder  stand  on  the  hands  and  knees;  move 
the  hands  from  the  knees  to  the  upper  arms  of  the 
boy  lying  down;  drop  the  legs  back  toward  his 
knees;  lean  slowly  forward,  put  the  back  of  the 
head  on  the  mat  and  roll. 

All  the  boys  face  each  other  by  twos.  The 
twos  join  hands  as  in  Fig.  86,  and  each  stands  about 
six  feet  away  from  the  next  pair.  Let  the  two  at 
one  end  of  the  line  drop  hands  and  one  at  a  time 
dive  through  the  first  ring,  roll  to  stand,  imme- 
diately dive  through  the  second  ring,  and  so  on  to 
the  end.  When  they  reach  the  end,  they  step  to 
opposite  sides  and  make  a  ring  with  their  hands. 
As  soon  as  these  first  divers  have  passed  a  two,  that 
two  begins  and  does  as  the  first  two  did,  and  so  on 
without  end,  if  you  like. 


Shoulder    Stand    On    Two 
Supporters— A  and  B,  the  two 

supporters,  stand  as  shown  by 
Fig.  133.  C  drops  his  arms  over 
theirs,  and  gives  a  strong  spring, 
raising  his  hips  and  leaning  for- 
ward as  he  begins  to  leave  the 
ground.  A  and  B  put  their  free 
hands  under  C's  thighs  and  help 
him  up.  C  finishes  by  dropping 
forward,  straightening  his  arms 
sideward  as  he  turns. 


133 


82 


HOW   TO 


134 


Horizontal  Bal- 
ance—  A  lies  on  his 
back  and  raises  his 
arms  so  as  to  place  his 
hands  on  ITs  lower 
ribs  as  he  leans  for- 
ward from  standing  astride  A's  body.  B  catches 
A's  wrists  (Fig.  134)..  Do  the  same  exer- 
cise with  B  extending  his  arms  alongside  his  ears, 
iflstead  of  catching  hold  of  A's  wrists.  A  catches 
a  little  higher  for  this  balance. 

Pyramid— (Fig.  135).     The  three  lower  boys 
take  their  positions,  and  the  others  stand  behind. 


135 


The  two  step  from  the  ground  into  their  places; 
but  the  top  boy  is  first  raised  onto  the  shoulders  of 


HOW   TO 


83 


anotiier  and  steps  from  there  into  his  position.  To 
finish,  all  lean  forward,  fall  forward  and  roll,  releas- 
ing all  grasps  just  before  the  upper  boys  step  off. 
These  must  be  careful  not  to  push  back  at  all 
strongly  with  their  feet. 

Prisoner's  Base — The  players  divide  into  two 
sides,  and  draw  two  semi-circles  about  twenty  paces 
apart  for  their  respective  goals.  At  a  little  distance 
from  its  goal  each  party  draws  a  circle  on  the 
ground,  or  otherwise  designates  a  spot  which  is 
called  "  prisoner's  base."  One  of  the  side  leaves 
his  goal  and  ventures  as  near  to  that  of  the  enemy 
as  he  dares.  The  opposite  side  immediately  sends 


138 

ou'  a  player  to  tag  the  darer,  but  the  dargr's  side 
immediately  sends  out  a  second  player  to  protect 
him  and  to  try  to  tag  the  opponent.  The  other 
side  now  sends  its  second  player,  also.  This  con- 
tinues until  one  or  more  are  caught,  or  all  have 
returned  to  their  homes.  If  any  players  are  caught, 
they  are  taken  to  the  prisoner's  base,  and  can  be 


84  HOW  TO 

released  only  by  one  of  their  own  side  touching 
them  before  being  tagged  by  their  opponents.  There 
must  at  all  times  be  a  goal  guard,  and  the  game  is 
won  when  one  side  has  made  prisoners  of  all  but 
one  of  its  opponents. 

The  captains  appoint  the  goal  guards,  and 
sometimes  assume  entire  direction  of  the  game,  but 
sometimes  each  player  uses  his  own  judgment  when 
to  run  and  when  to  return. 


HOW   TO 


85 


137 


XVI 

Forward  Throw,  Hands 
Between  the  Legs — A  stands  in 
front  of  B,  leans  forward  and 
puts  his  arms  between  his  well- 
spread  legs.  B  grasps  A's  wrists 
(Fig.  137).  A  bends  his  knees 
a  little  and  gives  a  good  spring, 
while  B,  at  the  same  time,  lifts 
hard  and  turns  A  forward  (Fig. 
138).  A  must  be  careful  to 
spread  until 


keep    his    legs 
they   have  passed   B's    body, 
and  B  must  be  careful  not  to 
let  go  until  he  is  sure  A  will 
land  on  his  feet. 

Turn  in  the  Air— Place 
the  hands  on  the  hips,  thumbs 
behind  and  fingers  in  front. 
Give  a  slight  upward  spring, 
turn  the  head  and  shoulders  to  the  right  or  left, 
and  make  a  quarter,  a  half  or  a  whole  turn.  Do 
not  bend  forward  at  all. 

Drop  the  hands  and  hold  them  about  a  foot 
from  the  sides.  Do  not  raise  them,  but  swing  with 
the  shoulder  and  head  turn,  and  try  to  do  two 
whole  turns  or  more.  Keep  the  body  erect. 


138 


86  HOW   TO 

The  Crab— From  position  191, 
keeping  the  knees  bent,  push  the 
knees  and  abdomen  well  forward, 
raise  the  arms  above  head  and  bend 
slowly  backward   until   the  hands 
touch  the  mat  (Fig.  139).     Walk 
forward  or  backward  in  this  posi- 
tion.    Return  to  the  original  position  by  reversing 
the  movement,  or  get  the  hands  close  to  the  feet, 
give  a  slight  spring  and  throw  the  feet  upward  and 
backward  to  the  mat. 

Toss — Have  two  lines  of  at  least  four  boys 
face  each  other.  Those  opposite  take  hold  of 
hands.  The  odd  boy  extends  himself  full  length 
upon  the  arms  of  the  others,  his  arms  raised 
above  his  head.  The  others  then,  working  to- 
gether, toss  him  in  the  air.  If  there  are  a  good 
many  boys,  he  can  be  given  a  start  and  "floated" 
from  one  end  of  the  line  to  the  other  in  the  air,  by 
successive  tosses. 

Bean  Bag — Provide  something  soft  that  can 
be  thrown  easily  a  short  distance.  Have  the  play- 
ers form  a  circle,  then  count  off  by  twos,  that  is, 
every  other  boy  has  the  same  number,  one  or  two, 
as  the  case  may  be.  Give  the  bags  to  any  number 
one  and  two.  These  players  are  to  be  the  starting 
and  stopping  places.  At  a  signal,  the  balls  are 
passed — a  number  one  throwing  always  to  another 


HOW  TO 


87 


number  one,  etc.  One  bag  should  go  to  the  left 
and  the  other  to  the  right.  The  first  around, 
caught  and  held  by  its  proper  owner  wins.  Score 
is  kept. 

Round  Off  With 
Turn — You  will  no- 
tice that  in  Figs. 
120  and  121,  the 
round  off  is  begun 
facing  east  and  fin- 
ished facing  west. 
Begin  your  round  140 

off  as  in   Fig.   140; 

as  the  hand  first  placed 
down  is  leaving  the  mat, 
turn  the  hips  and  the  head 
sharply  toward  the  left,  if 
you  have  started  with  the 
left  foot  forward,  as  shown 
in  the  illustration,  and  as 
the  second  hand  leaves  the 
mat,  swing  it  also  toward  the  left  (Fig.  141)  You 
should  land  facing  the  east.  This  requires  lots  of 
snap,  and  the  legs  must  go  as  high  as  possible. 

Arm  Circles — Raise  the  arms  above  the  head. 
Make  circles  forward  with  the  right  arm  and  back- 
ward with  the  left.  Turning  sideward  at  the  hips 
a  little  makes  it  easy.  • 


141 


88  HOW  TO 

The  Lever  —  Take 
position  4,  but  with  the 
fingers  pointed  back- 
ward instead  of  forward. 
Press  the  elbows  strongly 

against  the  sides  of  the  body,  and  slide  yourself 
forward  until  you  are  balanced  as  in  Fig.  142.  This 
can  be  made  a  little  easier  by  placing  the  points  of 
the  elbows  just  inside  the  hip  bones. 

Combinations— Round  off;  roll  backward  to 
position  4;  jump  between  the  hands;  snap  up. 

Starting  from  opposite  ends  of  the  mat,  A 
does  a  round  off  with  a  turn,  and  B  does  a  hand 
spring.  They  clasp  hands,  raise  their  arms  to  one 
side,  turn  back  to  back  and  pull  over  the  back 
(Figs.  118, 119);  pull  over,  hands  between  the  legs 
(Figs.  127,  128). 

Starting  from  the  same  end  of  the  mat,  A  does 
a  hand  spring,  then,  standing,  places  his  hands  on 
his  knees;  B  runs  and  rolls  over  A  (Fig.  57),  then 
leans  forward,  puts  his  arms  between  his  own  spread 
legs;  A  grasps  B's  wrists  and  turns  him  forward. 

Two  start  from  the  same  end  of  the  mat,  and, 
following  each  other,  do  several  snap  ups.  The  one 
in  front  then  stands,  the  one  behind  puts  his  head 
between  the  legs  of  the  one  in  front  of  him,  and 
throws  A  backward  (Figs.  143,  144).  A  puts  his 
head  between  B's  legs  and  throws  him,  and  so  on 
to  the  end  of  the  mat. 


HOW   TO 


89 


143 


Throw  backward,  Head   Be- 
tween the   Legs  —  Take  position 

shown  in  Fig.  143.     A  is  standing. 

Have  someone  put  a  hand  on  A's 

shoulder  and   support   him  firmly 

for  several  trials.     He  must  be  sure 

to  keep  his  legs  well  spread,  or  he 

will  hurt  B's  ears.     A  leans  back- 
ward.    As  soon  as  B  can  feel  that 

A  has  started,  he   straightens  up 

and    gives   a  quick   and   vigorous 

throw  backward.     A  must  be  sure 

not  to  jump,  but  as  soon  as  his  feet 

are  off  the  floor  he  should  draw  his 

knees  in  toward  his  chest  (Fig. 
144).  A  good  throw  will  always 
land  A  in  an  erect  position.  In 
case  of  a  slip,  when  there  is  no 
assistant,  B  can  save  A  from  a  fall 
by  putting  his  hands  behind  and 
catching  A's  shoulders  as  they 
slide  down  his  back. 

Buck,  Buck,  How  Many 
Horns  Are  Up? —Three  boys  take 
part,  buck,  frog  and  umpire.  The 
buck  leans  forward  and  rests  his  hands  on  a  wall. 
The  frog  runs  and  leaps  on  his  back,  while  the 
umpire  stands  alongside.  The  frog  now  holds  up 
several  fingers  and  cries,  "  Buck,  buck,  how  many 


144 


HOW   TO 


horns  are  up?"  If  the  buck  guesses  correctly,  the 
two  change  places;  if  not,  the  frog  repeats  his 
jump  and  question.  The  umpire  decides  the  matter 
each  time. 

Broncho  Riding— A  places  his  hands  on  the 
mat  about  three  feet  in  front  of  his  toes,  and  bends 
his  knees  a  little.  B  sits  astride  A's  hips,  sometimes 
locking  his  legs  under  A,  and  sometimes  his  arms. 
A  tries  to  dismount  B  by  bucking  and  kicking.  Be 
sure  to  try  this  on  some  soft  spot,  so  that  B  will 
not  be  injured  if  he  gets  thrown. 


Pyramid— (Fig.  145). 
Two  boys  stand  back  to 
back  and  slide  their  feet  a 
little  distance  out  in  front. 
A  third  boy  sits  on  their 
shoulders,  between  their 
heads.  Two  others  do 
hand  stands  on  the  knees 
of  the  two  standing,  who 
support  them  by  catching 
hold  of  their  belts,  while 
the  top  boy  seizes  an  ankle 
or  a  trousers  leg  of  each. 


145 


HOW  TO 

XVII 


91 


Hand  Stand 
On  Chest  and 
Drop  Over — A 

is  lying  down. 
B  first  puts  his 
hands  flat  on  A's 
chest;  A  then 


147 


146 

puts  his  arms  in  front  of 
B's  and  his  hands  on  B's 
shoulders  a  little  behind 
the  arms  (Fig.  146).  The 
palms  of  A's  hands  are 
turned  forward  so  that 
the  little  fingers  are  next 
B's  arms.  B  then  does 
a  hand  stand  (Fig.  147). 
He  holds  the  balance  for 
several  seconds,  then 
puts  his  chin  against 


his  chest  and  allows  his 
legs  to  drop  over.  Just  as 
they  start,  A  raises  his  legs 
and  puts  his  feet  on  B's 
hips,  just  below  his  belt 
(Fig.  148).  B  swings  his 
arms  forward,  while  A 


148 


92 


HOW   TO 


moves  his  legs  a  little  in  the  same  direction,  and 
allows  B  to  stand  on  the  mat. 


f 


149 


Straddle    Forward  — A 

stands  with  one  leg  well  in  ad- 
vance of  the  other  and  has  the 
forward  knee  bent,  while  the 
rear  one  is  straight.  He  must 
keep  his  head  well  up  and  keep 
looking  straightforward.  B  runs 
forward,  places  both  hands  on 
A's  head  (Fig.  149),  springs  up- 
ward and  straddles  forward  and 

over,  assisted  upward  by  a  strong 
push  from  A's  hand,  which  is 
placed  between  his  legs  (Fig. 
150).  If  A  allows  his  head  to 
bend  forward,  B's  hands  will 
slip  off  and  he  will  be  in  danger 
of  landing  on  his  head. 

Foot  in  the  Hole — Draw  a 
circle  about  eighteen  inches  in 

'«-s.  diameter.     A  Puks  one  f°°fc  in~ 

f'SsS ss±*  side   this   circle  and    the  other 

150  outside.      B  hops  on   one  foot, 

and  by  pulling,  pushing  or  tripping  with  his  free 
foot,  tries  to  make  A  bring  his  foot  outside  the 
line.  A,  in  his  turn,  by  the  same  means,  tries  to 
make  B  step  on  both  feet.  Either  doing  what  he 


HOW   TO  93 

ought   not   to   do,   loses   to   the   other,   and    then 
change  places. 

Roll  Down  Forward — From  a  stand- 
ing position  raise  the  hands  to  the  front 
of  the  chest,  bend  the  knees,  push  the 
abdomen  forward  (Fig.  151),  and  roll 
downward,  touching  the  knees,  the  abdo- 
men, the  hands  and  the  chest  in  the 
order  named;  allow  the  knees  to  bend 
and  the  feet  to  drop  over  toward  the 
head  (Fig.  152).  From  this  position  you  may  roll 
back  or  go  on  over  into  the  crab  and  make  a  com- 
plete roll  from  stand  to  stand.  If  you  wish  to  go 
over  from  position  152,  put  the  fore- 
head on  the  mat,  straighten  the  arms 
and  allow  the  legs  to  drop  over  as 
close  to  the  body  as  possible.  As  the 
feet  touch,  push  the  knees  forward, 
put  the  chin  against  the  chest, 
press  strongly  from  the  hands  and 
swing  them  forward,  and  you  will  come  to  a  stand- 
ing position.  If  your  arms  are  strong,  there  is  no 
need  to  touch  the  head  to  the  mat. 

Roll  Down  Backward — From  the  hand  stand 
bend  the  arms  and  lean  forward  until  the  chest 
rests  on  the  mat,  and  allow  the  feet  to  drop  over 
toward  the  head  as  in  Fig.  152.  Straighten  the 
arms,  push  from  the  hands,  throw  the  head  and 


94  HOW  TO 

shoulders  backwa'rd  and  roll  backward  to  stand. 
Keep  the  head  and  shoulders  going  well,  and  you 
will  have  no  trouble  in  coming  from  the  knees  to 
the  feet,  Run  and  dive  into  the  position  just 
described,  and  roll  back  to  stand. 

Head  Balance— (Fig.  153).  Do 
a  head  stand.  Lower  the  legs  toward 
the  face  a  little  and  spread  them.  Be- 
gin by  raising  one  hand,  then  try 
both.  It  is  a  hard  trick  to  master. 

Leg  Twist — Toe  a  mark  with  the 
toes  of    the  right  foot.     Throw  the 
left  leg   behind  the  right  and  place 
the  toes  opposite  the  instep  of  the  right  foot,  the 
left  heel  in  line  with  the  right  instep,  forming  two 
right  angles. 

Begin  as  before,  but  carry  tbe  left  foot  around 
until  the  left  instep  is  opposite  the  toes  of  the 
right  foot,  forming  two  right  angles,  as  before. 

Begin  in  the  same  manner,  but  carry  the  left 
foot  around  until  the  toes  of  the  left  foot  touch 
the  heel  of  the  right  and  the  left  heel  touches  the 
•,oes  of  the  right  foot. 

Hang  Tag — When  playera  are  hanging  by  the 
hands  or  arms,  they  cannot  be  tagged  by  the  "it.1' 
When  u it'' attempts  to  tire  so:ne  one  player  out, 
the  others  should  try  to. entice  him  away. 


HOW   TO 


95 


154 


Pyramid  —  (Fig. 
154).  The  boys  kneel- 
ing first  take  their  po- 
sitions, then  the  one 
standing  on  their 
thighs,  then  the  two 
standing  on  their 
shoulders  are  assisted 
up  by  the  outside 
boys  giving  them  a 
knee  to  stand  on,  the 
outside  boys  taking 
their  positions  immediately  afterward.  The  topmost 
boy  takes  his  position  from  the  shoulders  of  another. 

Combinations — A  does  a  hand  stand  with  roll 
forward  and  snap  up;  from  the  opposite  end  of  the 
mat  B  does  a  head  spring,  rolls  forward,  then  back- 
ward to  rest  on  his  shoulders;  A  grasps  bis  ankles 
and  throws  him  back  to  stand  (Figs.  131,  132); 
both  roll  backward  to  hand  stand  and  snap  down. 

Stand  on  shoulders;  fall  forward  with  rolls  to 
stand;  A  puts  his  head  between  B's  legs  and  throws 
backward;  A  rolls  forward  to  lying  flat  on  his 
back;  B  does  a  hand  stand  on  his  chest  and  drops 
over  (Fig  146);  B  turns,  grasps  A's  ankles  and 
throws  him  backward  to  stand. 

Double  dive  (Fig.  100);  roll  forward  with 
shears,  straddle  forward  (Figs.  149,  150);  both  roll 
forward  with  snap  up. 


96 


HOW   TO 


Strong  Boy  —  See  if  you  can  hold  one  pound 
at  arm's  length  for  a  minute.  Try  a  lesser  weight 
for  a  shorter  time. 

High  Jump  —  "Pile  up  chairs  as  high  as  you 
choose,  and  Til  take  off  my  shoes  and  jump  over 
them.''  Jump  over  the  shoes. 

Egg  Races  —  Tie  the  hands  of  the  players  be- 
hind their  backs.  Place  a  spoon  in  the  mouth  of 
each  one,  with  a  hard-boiled  egg  upon  it.  Have 
them  race  a  given  distance  to  see  who  can  arrive 
first  with  his  egg  in  place. 

Do  the  same,  having  the  spoon  carried  in  one 
hand. 

Snake  Wrestling- 
Have  the  players  join 
hands.  In  the  centre  of 
the  circle  place  one  or 
more  sticks,  bottles,  or 
Indian  clubs  (Fig.  155). 
Try  to  make  some  player 
knock  the  pm  over  by 
pulling,  pushing,  turn- 
ing, etc.  Several  unite 
against  one,  or  one  side  tries  to  beat  the  other  side 
of  the  circle.  When  one  knocks  over  a  pin,  he 
drops  out,  and  play  continues  until  there  is  a 
winner. 


HOW   TO 


97 


XVIII 

Sit    On     the     Feet    and 

Kick    Back  —  A   lies   on   his 

back   and    raises   his  feet  so 

that  B  can  stand  close  to  his 

hips.     A  then  places  his  feet 

against  B's  hips,  and  straight- 
ens his  knees  just  enough  to 

allow  B  to  stand  upright.     B 

then  raises  his  arms  straight 

upward.     He  then  leans  back- 

ward,  putting  all  of  his  weight 
on  A's  feet,  and  bends  his  head 
back  as  far  as  possible  (Fig. 
156).  A  allows  his  knees  to 
bend  a  little  toward  his  own 
chest,  and  just  as  B's  feet  are 
leaving  the  mat,  he  kicks  as 
hard  as  possible  (if  the  boy  is 
about  his  own  weight).  B  as- 
sists the  backward  turn  by 
drawing  his  knees  upward  a  lit- 


167 

tie  as  he  is  kicked  (Fig. 
157).  He  should 
alight  standing  erect 
behind  A'a  head.  You 


158 


98 


HOW   TO 


must  either  have  someone  support  B's  shoulders 
during  the  first  few  turns,  or  practice  going  back 
very  slowly,  ,o.nd  have  A  support  the  shoulders  until 
the  turn  is  mastered  (Fig,  158).  B  must  be  care- 
ful not  to  jump.  He  must  put  his  weight  fully  on 
A's  feet. 

Balance  Above    Head 

— A  places  himself  in  front 

of  B,  who  takes  hold  of  his 

belt  or  trousers  at  the  hips, 

while  A  places  his   hands 

on   B's   wrists.     Both    lift 

their   heels   and   bend   the 

knees    a    little.       A    then 

springs     upward,     leaning 

backward  as  he  rises,  and 

extends  his  arms,  while  B 

lifts  vigorously  till  he  holds 
A  in  a  horizontal  position 
above  his  head  (Fig.  159). 
This  position  is  maintained 
for  a  few  seconds;  A  then 
draws  his  knees  to  his 
chest  and  turns  back- 
ward to  the  mat  (Fig.  160), 
assisted  by  a  push  from  B. 
During  the  first  few  trials, 
have  someone  place  a  hand 
so  on  A's  shoulders. 


159 


HOW  TO 


99 


161 


High  Jump — Two  boys 
stand  facing  each  other,  six 
or  eight  feet  apart.  A  spreads 
his  feet,  bends  his  knees  and 
clasps  his  hands,  resting  the 
forearms  on  his  thighs.  B 
runs  forward,  places  both 
hands  on  A's  shoulders  and 
one  of  his  feet  in  A's  hands 
(Fig.  161).  He  springs  from 

the  foot  that  is  on  the  ground, 

stiffens  the  other  leg  and  presses 

on  B's  shoulders  with  his  hands, 

while    B    straightens    up    and 

lifts  hard.  Several  practice  lifts 

should  be  tried.     B  then  runs 

and  jumps  over  A's  head,  lean- 
ing forward  as  he  presses  off  of 

A's  shoulder.     He  must  be  sure 

to  keep  the  throwing  leg  stiff, 

or  there  will   be  a  spill.     In 

Fig.  162  the  upper  boy  has  bent 

his  knee  after  he  was  thrown. 


162 


Balance  On    Head  — This 

exercise   is   done   in   the   same 
manner  as  in  Figs.  159,  160,  with  this  difference: 
B  puts  his  head  under  A  at  the  base  of  the  spine, 
thus  acquiring   an   additional  support,  instead  of 
holding  him  up  by  the  hands  and  arms.     This  en- 


100  HOW  TO 

ables  B  to  handle  a  much  heavier  boy  than  is  pos- 
sible in  the  first  exercise. 


Pyramid— (Fig.  163). 
Start  as  if  A  was  to  stand 
on  B's  shoulders,  Instead 
of  putting  his  upper  foot 
on  B's  shoulders,  however, 
A  hooks  the  front  part  of 
it  about  B's  neck,  and 
both  lean  slowly  backward 
until  a  good  balance  is 
secured.  A  places  his 
hands  in  any  desired  posi- 
tion. 


163 


Jump  Rope,  Lying  Down — Lie  down  with  the 
knees  raised  and  the  heels  not  far  from  the  hips. 
Have  your  rope  about  six  feet  long  behind  the  head 
at  arm's  length.  Swing  it  downward  and  raise  the 
feet  to  allow  it  to  pass  under.  Immediately  replace 
the  feet, push  from  the  head  aad  shoulders  (putting 
the  weight  on  the  feet)  high  enough  to  pass  the 
rope  under  your  back  and  forward  again.  The 
movement  must  be  done  rapidly  to  be  successful. 
You  can  do  it  without  putting  thi  feet  on  the  floor 
at  all,  but  this  is  hard  on  the  shoulders. 

Stage  Fall — Fall  sidewards,  touching  first  the 
knee,  then  the  hip,  then  the  shoulder,  turning  onto 
the  back  as  you  finish. 


HOW    TO 


101 


Black  Man — (Fig.  164).  Two  opposite  goals 
are  selected.  The  "it,"  or  black  man,  stands  mid- 
way between  them,  and  cries  out,  "Are  you  afraid 
of  the  black  man?''  to  which  the  others  reply, 
"No,  not  of  one  like  you,''  and  then  they  all  run 


164 

from  the  one  goal  to  the  other.  The  black  man 
tags  as  many  as  possible  while  they  are  on  their 
way,  and  those  tagged  must  assist  him  in  tagging 
the  others.  This  is  repeated  until  all  are  caught. 
The  first  one  tagged  is  "it"  for  the  new  game. 

Combinations — From  the  same  end  of  the 
mat,  A  does  a  round  off  with  turn;  B  walks  on  his 
hands  and  drops  his  legs  over  A's  shoulders;  they 
do  a  hand  stand  roll  twice;  A  then  rolls  for- 
ward to  stand,  and  B  rolls  forward  far  enough  to 
place  his  feet  beneath  A's  hips;  kick  back  to  stand. 

Starting  from  the  same  end  of  the  mat,  A  does 
a  hand  spring  and  rolls  forward  to  stand;  B  rolls 
forward  and  snaps  up;  B  throws  A  backward,  head 


102  HOW  TO 

between  his  legs;  A  grasps  B  at  the  waist,  balances 
him  above  his  head  and  drops  him  back  (Figs.  159, 
160). 

Starting  from  opposite  ends  of  the  mat,  A  does 
a  hand  spring  and  stands;  B  runs  and  springs  over 
A's  head  (Figs.  161,  162);  A  places  his  hands  on 
his  hips,  B  does  a  round  off  as  he  alights,  then  runs 
and  rolls  over  A  (Fig.  57);  both  roll  forward  with 
snap  up. 

Limber  Up — Raise  the  arms  in  front  until 
they  are  as  high  as  the  shoulders,  palms  facing  each 
other.  Swing  the  arms  backward  and  have  the 
backs  of  the  hands  touch  each  other  behind  the 
back.  If  you  drop  the  head  and  shoulders  a  little 
forward  as  the  hands  go  back,  you  will  find  the 
trick  comparatively  easy. 

Place  the  hands  on  the  hips,  thumbs  behind 
and  fingers  in  front.  Rub  the  elbows  together 
behind  the  back. 

Touch — Two  boys  stand,  each  with  an  arm 
extended  toward  the  other.  Try  to  touch  each 
other  without  being  touched  in  return.  Best  two 
out  of  three  wins.  A  touch  on  the  hand  does  not 
count. 

Seat  Balance — Sit  on  the  floor  and  fold  the 
arms  across  your  chest.  Raise  the  legs  and  see  if 
you  can  balance  on  the  end  of  your  spine. 


HOW   TO 


103 


XIX 

Front  Somersault  —  Raise  the  hands 
as  high  as  the  head,  with  the  elbows  on  a 
line  with  the  chin  (Fig.  165).  Do  a  for- 
ward roll  over,  swinging  the  hands  down- 
ward, so  that  they  slap  the  mat  as  the  roll 
is  finished,  instead  of  catching  the  legs. 

As  a  second  preliminary  exercise,  take 
165       a  slight  jump,  with  hands  in  same  position, 
raise  the  knees  as  close  to  the  chest  as  pos- 
sible, throw  the  hands  forward  and  downward  to 
grasp  the  legs,  and  alight  on  the  shoulders  without 
touching  the  head. 

Now  get  a  very  soft  spot  to  alight  on,  and 
from  the  standing  position,  with  the  hands  held 
as  high  as  the  head,  give  a  hard  spring  (raising  the 
knees  close  to  the  chest),  try  to  put  your  head  into 
your  abdomen,  swing  the  arms  vigorously  forward 
and  downward,  and  grasp  the  legs  half-way  between 
the  knees  and  ankles.  If  you  do  these  things  with 
sufficient  snap,  you  will  land  on  your  feet  in  the 
position  shown  by  Fig.  66.  As- 
sistance may  be  given  by  placing 
a  hand  on  the  back  of  the  neck 
and  lifting  when  the  boy  is  half- 
way round, 

Try  the  exercise  with  three 
or  four  running  steps  for  a  start,  1 66 


104 


HOW  TO 


167 


but  be  sure  to  jump  from  both  feet  when  you  try 
to  turn.  The  hands  are  raised  just  as  you  spring 
onto  both  feet  from  the  last  running  step.  You 
will  find  very  little  difficulty  in  turn- 
ing over  in  this  way. 

As  soon  as  you  are  sure  of  land- 
ing on  your  feet  with  a  slight  run, 
you  should  try  to  go  higher  and  land 
standing  erect.  In  order  to  do  this, 
do  not  raise  the  hands  quite  so  high, 
but  as  you  jump,  look  up  a  little  and 
shoot  the  hands  upward,  then  swing 
them  downward  to  grasp  the  legs 
(Figs.  166,  167).  Give  a  sharp 
pull  inward,  then  let  go,  allowing 
the  arms  to  drop  to  the  sides  and 
straighten  the  legs  (Fig.  168.)  In- 
crease your  speed  as  you  run.  The 
looking  upward  motion  is  impor- 
tant, as  it  determines  the  direction 
of  your  jump,  as  well  as  the  height.  If  you  look 
upward,  but  some  distance  in  front,  you  will  cover 
more  ground  than  if  your  gaze  were  directed  up- 
ward, but  at  a  point  nearer  to  you.  You  are  apt  to 
turn  too  far  and  land  on  your  face  if  you  take 
too  much  of  a  run  and  catch  the  legs  low.  Be 
content  to  master  the  preliminary  parts  before  you 
try  to  do  a  high  somersault. 

Raise  one  leg  backward.     Have  another  boy 
stand  by  your  side  and  place  one  hand  under  your 


168 


HOW  TO  105 

knee  nearest  him  and  his  other  hand  under  your 
instep.  You  are  to  do  a  standing  front  somersault, 
and  he  is  to  assist  by  lifting  hard  and  giving  you  a 
forward  turn  by  pushing  upward  on  your  ankle  and 
knee. 

Another  way  is  for  your  assistant  to  stand 
directly  behind  you,  You  raise  one  foot.  He  takes 
hold  of  the  ankle  with  both  hands,  lifts  and  turns 
as  before. 

You  may  turn  from  the  shoulders  or  back  of 
another,  or  from  any  height,  after  you  become 
expert. 

Kick  Back,  Pacing  East 
\  and  West— (Fig.169).  A  lies 
\  on  his  back  and  raises  his  feet 
/  above    his    face.       B    stands 
astride  A's  head,  and  sits  on 
his  feet.     They  take  hold  of 
hands,  both  having  the  arms 
straight.     B   leans  back.     A 
bends  his  arms  and  knees  a 
little,  then  kicks  B  with  all  his  force  and  gives  a 
push  with  his  hands  as  B's  hips   leave   his  feet. 
This  is  attended  with  considerable  risk,  and  should 
not  be  attempted  unless  someone  has  hold  of  B's 
shoulder  to  keep  him  from  dropping  on  his  head. 

Kick  Back,  Sidewards — A  takes  the  same  po- 
sition as  for  the  other  kick  backs.  B  stands  at  his 


106 


HOW   TO 


side,  with  his  heels  close  to  A's  hips,  sits  on  his 
feet,  leans  back  and  is  kicked  over  to  stand.  This 
also  needs  extra  care,  and  a  supporting  hand,  until 
it  is  thoroughly  mastered. 

Stand  On  the  Feet— A  lies 
on  his  back,  brings  his  knees 
close  to  his  chest  and  raises  his 
feet  above  his  knees.  B  steps 
on  A's  near  thigh  with  one  foot, 
places  the  other  on  A's  farther 
foot,  then  steps  up  to  position 
170. 

Hand  Spring  Over  a  Stick 

— Take  hold  of  a  very  strong 
stick  about  three  feet  from  the  end,  with 
the  hands  facing  in  opposite  directions  and  several 
inches  apart.  Run,  place  one  end  of  the  stick 
firmly  in  the  ground,  lean  and  hand  spring  over, 
bringing  the  stick  over  with  you. 

Dog  Fight— Two  boys  get  on  their  hands  and 
knees,  facing  each  other,  about  three  feet  apart, 
inside  a  small  circle.  Take  a  strap,  or  a  piece  of 
muslin  (the  ends  of  which  have  been  joined),  and 
put  over  the  two  heads,  which  must  be  kept  up  and 
back.  At  the  signal,  both  pull  until  one  is  pulled 
out  of  the  ring,  or  has  allowed  his  head  to  drop 
forward  and  the  strap  to  slip  off. 


17O 


HOW  TO  107 

Hand  Spring  From  the  Shoulders 

— Mount  to  the  shoulders  of  another 
boy,  Take  hold  o£  his  hands  and  lean 
forward  as  in  Fig.  171.  The  under  boy 
must  be  very  strong.  Bend  your  arms, 
lean  forward,  and  turn  a  hand  spring  to 
the  mat,  assisted  by  a  slight  push  from 
your  supporter,  who  must  not  allow  his 
arms  to  bend  much.  Be  careful  to  keep 
your  head  back  far  enough  to  avoid  fall- 
ing on  your  face  as  you  turn.  Do  not  attempt  this 
without  having  someone  put  a  hand  on  your 
shoulder  and  an  arm  across  your  chest,  as  it  is 
somewhat  dangerous. 

Combinations — Head  or  hand  spring  and  for- 
ward somersault. 

Hand  stand;  roll  down  backward  to  the  knees 
(Fig.  152);  jump  forward  to  stand  and  front  som- 
ersault. 

Bucking  broncho;  roll  backward  to  hand 
stand;  hold  the  balance  an  instant,  then  roll  for- 
ward with  snap  up. 

Double  dive  (Fig.  100);  both  roll  forward  to 
stand  and  round  off;  A  rolls  forward  to  flat  on  his 
back,  B  does  a  head  spring  to  stand  astride  A;  hori- 
zontal balance  (Fig.  134);  B  rolls  forward  to  stand, 
while  A  snaps  up. 

Three  boys  stand  in  line,  facing  in  the  same 
direction.  The  middle  boy  (C),  dives,  rolls  to 


108 


HOW   TO 


» 


stand  and  does  a  round  off.  A  and  B  roll  with  snap 
up,  face  each  other  and  join  hands;  C  runs,  dives 
through  (Fig.  86),  and  rolls  with  shears.  A  and  B 
release  their  grasp  and  assist  C  to  a  shoulder  stand 
(Fig.  133);  C  drops  over  to  stand.  As  C  leaves  their 
arms,  A  and  B  swing  their  legs  up  to  hand  stand 
and  snap  down. 

Squat  Over  the  Head   Forward 

— A  and  B  face  each  other  and  take 
hold  of  hands,  palms  crossing  one 
another.  B  springs  upward,  drawing 
his  knees  close  to  his  chest,  and  is 
lifted  by  A,  as  soon  as  he  rises  enough 
for  that  boy  to  be  able  to  lift.  Jump 
first  to  stand  on  A's  shoulders.  After 
a  few  trials,  squat  over  to  the  ground 
(Fig.  172).  Keep  the  head  well  forward. 

Catch  the  Thief — The  players  divide  into  two 
sides.  About  one-third  the  distance  between  the 
two  lines  have  something  on  which  a  handkerchief 
or  cap  can  be  hung,  within  easy  reach.  At  a  signal, 
a  player  from  each  side  starts.  The  one  from  the 
line  nearest  the  cap  tries  to  get  it  and  return  to  his 
line,  while.the  one  from  the  other  side  tries  to  catch 
the  one  with  the  "  stolen  "  article.  The  one  caught 
before  reaching  home  becomes  prisoner. 

Staff  Shove — Two  boys  take  a  strong  stick 
about  eight  feet  long,  face  each  other  from  oppo- 


HOW  TO  109 

site  ends,  and  try  to  shove  each  other  over  some 
mark  previously  agreed  upon.  Try  this  with  two 
sticks.  Both  stand  between  them,  facing  each 
other,  and  shove. 

Pyramid— (Fig.  173.)  The  two-high  first  take 
their  positions.  The  three  on  each  side  then  assume 
their  preparatory  positions.  The  end  boys  are  to 
support  those  next  them  just  enough  to  prevent 
them  from  falling  backward.  The  boys  doing  hand 


173 

stands  are  to  spring  from  both  feet  and  and  kick 
up  to  the  balance,  as  this  enables  them  to  get  closer 
to  the  two  in  the  middle.  As  the  legs  rise,  they 
are  seized  and  held  by  the  belt  and  the  heels,  as 
shown  in  the  figure. 

Stick  Wrestling— Two  boys  take  hold  of  a 
stick  about  four  feet  long,  near  each  end,  and  by 
turning,  pushing,  twisting,  etc.,  endeavor  to  wrest 
it  from  each  other. 


110 


HOW   TO 


174 


XX 

Hand  Spring  and  Pull  Over— 

A  stands  in  front  of  B.  B  puts 
his  chin  in  front  of  one  of  A's 
shoulders  and  his  hands  on  A's 
hips,  A  puts  both  hands  around 
B's  head  and  one  foot  backward 
between  B's  spread  legs  (Fig.  174). 
Both  bend  the  knees  a  little,  then  B  springs,  lifting 
the  knees  toward  the  chest  and  pushes  hard  with 
both  hands,  while  A  pulls  strongly  upon  B's  head 
and  leans  well  forward.  As  B  comes  over,  he 
straightens  his  legs,  while  A 
straightens  up  a  little  from  the 
leaning  position  which  he  took 
while  pulling.  A  keeps  his 
hands  on  B?s  head  until  it  can 
be  seen  that  he  is  going  to 
land  safely  on  his  feet  (Fig. 
175).  The  danger  in  this  exer- 
cise is  that  A  will  pull  B  so  hard  that  he  will  turn 
too  far  forward  and  land  on  his  abdomen  instead  of 
his  feet.  It  is  not  difficult,  and  with  care  on  this 
point  can  b«  safely  done  at  the  first  trial. 

Chicken  Fight— Two  boys  of  about  the  same 
size  sit  down  facing  each  other  in  the  centre  of  a 
mat,  or  some  soft  spot  on  the  floor.  Each  boy 
clasps  his  hands  below  and  in  front  of  his  knees, 


175 


HOW   TO  111 

and  the  toes  of  each  touch  the  toes  of  the  other. 
At  a  signal,  each  boy  tries  to  dig  his  toes  under 
those  of  his  opponent.  The  one  succeeding  in 
doing  this  can,  by  a  very  slight  push,  cause  the 
other  to  roll  over  backward  quicker  than  it  takes  to 
tell  it.  The  hands  must  be  tightly  clasped  through- 
out the  fight. 

Double    Roll     to    Hand 
Stand — A   lies   on  his  back, 
while    B    stands    astride    his 
body,  looking  toward  his  head. 
They  take  hold  of  each  other's 
arms  -near  the   shoulder.     B 
does  a  hand  stand  (Fig.  176), 
then  drops  his  legs  backward 
toward   his    face;    leans  for- 
ward and  rolls  till  he  lies  flat 
on  his  back  (Fig.  177).     A  then  raises  his  knees 
to  his  chest,    and  rolls   backward  to   hand  stand, 
assisted  by  B,  coming  down  astride   B.    A  then 


177 

goes  down  on  his  back,  while  B  comes  up  on  I  is 
feet,  standing  between  A's  legs,  and  immediately 
does  another  hand  stand  as  first  described.  Roll 
thus  several  times  at  a  quick  pace. 


112 


HOW  TO 


Single  Carry— A  lies  face  downward  on  the 
mat.  Facing  A's  heels,  B  puts  one  arm  and  shoul- 
der under  hi§  hips,  lifts  A  up  and  carries  him 
around  like  a  sack  of  sugar. 

A  stands  and  allows  B  to  grasp  him  by  the 
shoulders  and  wrap  his  legs  about  him  from  behind. 
A  grasps  B's  legs  and  capers  around  with  him, 
pick-a-back. 

B  stands,  A  wraps  himself  about  B's  middle, 
catches  hold  of  his  own  legs  and  is  held  up  by  B. 
B  trots  around. 

Straddle   From    the   Floor  — 

A  lies  on  his  back  and  raises  one 
leg.  B  stands  astride  of  the  other 
leg  and  takes  hold  of  A's  hands. 
B  pulls  strongly,  A  puts  the  raised 
foot  down  and  springs  upward.  As 
1 78  he  gets  above  B's  waist,  A  straight- 

ens his  arms  and  B  pushes  him  on  up 
and  over  his  head  in  the  straddle  posi- 
tion. It  is  a  little  easier  for  B  to  make 
a  quarter  turn  as  A  goes  up.  He  can 
duck  a  little  if  A  has  not  taken  a  good 
spring. 

Playful  Lambs—Three  boys  get  on 
their  hands  and  knees,  side  by  side.  The 
middle  boy  springs  from  his  hands  and 
toes  over  the  back  of  one  of  the  others,  179 


HOW  TO 


113 


and  immediately  rolls  over  sidewards,  coming  up 
onto  his  hands  and  knees  again.  The  boy  who  has 
been  jumped  over  rolls  over  toward  the  third  boy, 
and  is  leaped  over  by  him.  The  third,  in  his  turn, 
rolls  toward  boy  No.  1,  who  is  now  ready,  and 
jumps  in  the  opposite  direction  over  No.  3. 


Pyramid— (Fig.  180).  Two 
boys  stand  back  to  back  and 
about  two  feet  apart.  Two  others 
climb  onto  their  shoulders,  and 
kneel  there,  facing  each  other, 
and  take  hold  of  hands.  The 
lower  boys  take  hold  of  the 
heels  of  the  upper  ones.  A  fifth 
boy,  stepping  from  the  shoul- 
ders of  another,  kneels  on  the 
arms  of  the  upper  boys  and  puts 
a  hand  on  each  of  their  heads  to 
steady  himself. 


180 


Combinations— Hand  stand  roll  (Figs.  98,  99); 
hand  spring  and  pull  over  (Figs.  174,  175);  throw 
backward,  head  between  the  legs  (Figs.  143,  144); 
kick  back  (Figs.  156,  157). 

Shoulder  stand  on  the  hands  (Fig.  125); 
change  grasp  to  hand  stand  on  the  arms  (Fig.  176); 
roll  forward  (Fig.  177);  double  roll  to  hand  stand 
several  times;  the  lad  doing  the  hand  stand  last 
snaps  down,  slipping  his  grasp  to  the  hands  of  the 


114  HOW  TO 

other,  and  pulls  him  up  to  straddle  over  head  (Figs. 
178,  179). 

Stand  on  the  shoulders  (Fig.  56);  fall  forward 
and  roll;  balance  above  the  head  and  drop  over 
(Figs.  159,160);  straddle  backward  (Fig.  130); 
hand  spring  and  pull  over. 

Chair  Balance— Sit  on  a  chair,  tilt  it  back- 
wards, and  balance  on  the  two  rear  legs.  Keep  the 
head  forward  so  that  if  you  overbalance  backward 
you  can  duck  forward  and  bring  your  feet  under 
you  as  the  chair  forsakes  you, 

Long  Arm— Put  the  right  elbow  behind  the 
head,  the  right  wrist  beneath  the  chin  from  the 
left  side,  and  grasp  the  right  ear  with  the  right 
hand. 

Indian  Wrestle— (Figs,  181,  182),  Two  boys 
lie  down  alongside  of  each  other,  with  the  feet 


181 


pointing    in   opposite   directions.     They   lock   the 
near  elbows,  raise  the  near  legs,  and  try  to  turn 


HOW   TO 


115 


182 


each  other  over  backward  by  locking  the  legs 
at  an  agreed  signal.  Try  to  catch  your  opponent's 
heel  and  twist  him  a  little  sidewards. 


116 


HOW  TO 


183 


XXI 

Sit  On  Shoulders  and 
Throw  Back  — The  two  boys 
face  each  other,  standing  five  or 
six  feet  apart.  A  runs  toward 
B,  places  his  hands  on  top  of  B's 
head,  while  B  puts  his  hands  be- 
tween A's  thighs,  lifts,  and  A 
springs  to  seat  on  B's  shoulders 
(Fig.  183),  B  putting  his 
hands  beneath  A's  thighs  as 
he  rises,  A  then  raises  his 
arms  above  his  head,  leans  up- 
ward and  backward,  and  is  given 
a  vigorous  upward  push  by  B. 
A  draws  his  knees  to  his  chest 
as  he  begins  to  turn  (Fig.  184), 
and  should  land  standing  erect. 
During  the  first  trials,  someone 
should  put  a  hand  on  A's  shoul- 
der as  he  leans  backward  and 
give  his  hips  an  additional  shove, 
if  it  is  needed,  in  order  to  turn 
him  the  proper  distance.  The 
bending  backward  should  be 
done  slowly,  but  the  knees  184 

should  be  drawn  quickly  to  the  chest  and  the  turn 
made  with  considerable  snap. 


HOW   TO 


117 


185 


Hand  Stand  On  Two  Supporters 

— A  and  B  stand  side  by  side.  C, 
facing  in  the  opposite  direction,  puts 
a  hand  on  A's  right  and  B's  left 
shoulder.  These  two  place  their  near 
hands  on  C's  shoulders  and  take  him  by 
the  belt  with  the  other.  C  gives  a 
strong  spring,  brings  his  heels  to  his 
hips  and  kicks  up  to  hand  stand,  as- 
sisted by  the  others  (Fig.  185).  As 
he  rises,  A  and  B  let  go  of  his  belt 
and  slide  their  hands  up  his  chest  to 
his  outer  arms.  C  either  drops  on  over  to  the  floor, 
or  he  falls  back  to  his  starting  position.  In  the 
former  case,  he  should  be  caught  by  another,  and 
remember  to  keep  his  head  back  as  he  drops. 

Combinations — Starting  from  the  same  end  of 
the  mat,  A  does  a  dive  and  roll  over  to  stand;  B  fol- 
lows with  a  round  off  with  turn;  B  throws  A  back- 
ward, head  between  his  legs,  then  throws  him  for- 
ward by  the  hand  spring  and  pull  over;  A  rolls  to 
flat  on  his  back  and  they  do  the  double  roll  (Figs. 
108-110);  they  break  loose  in  the  roll,  and  both 
snap  up — or,  instead  of  the  double  roll,  they  stand 
on  the  hands  and  roll  (Figa.  187-189). 

Starting  from  opposite  ends  of  the  mat,  both 
do  a  hand  spring;  A  stands  still,  while  B  rolls  for- 
ward, stands  and  puts  his  hands  between  his  legs; 
A  pulls  him  over  (Figs.  127,  128);  both  roll  back- 


118  HOW   TO 

ward  to  hand  stand  and  snap  down;  A  bends  his 
knees  a  little;  B  runs  forward  and  does  a  hand 
stand  on  the  knees  (Fig.  103);  he  snaps  down,  rolls 
backward  to  hand  stand  and  snaps  down  again,  then 
runs  forward,  jumps  to  seat  on  A's  shoulders  and  is 
thrown  back  (Figs.  183,  184). 

High  Hand  Spring — A  advances 
one  foot  and  bends  both  knees  a  little. 
B  runs,  places  both  hands  on  A's 
shoulders  and  springs  upward,  raising 
his  hips  and  bringing  his  knees  close 
to  his  chest.  He  places  his  head 
alongside  A's  and  may  press  against 
his  shoulders.  As  he  rises,  A  places 
his  hands  on  B's  thighs  (Fig.  186), 
and  gives  him  a  strong  push.  B 
straightens  his  legs  as  they  go  over  and  pushes  off 
from  A's  shoulders  with  both  hands.  He  must 
keep  his  head  back,  and  have  someone  to  catch  him. 

Dodge  Ball — Half  of  the  players  form  a  circle, 
each  standing  about  two  feet  from  the  next.  The 
others  step  inside,  facing  outward,  and  about 
twenty-five  feet  from  those  of  the  outer  circle. 
Those  of  the  outer  circle  throw  a  tennis  ball  at 
those  of  the  inner.  If  one  of  those  inside  the  ring 
is  hit,  he  takes  a  place  in  the  outer  ring.  This  is 
kept  up  until  only  one  dodger  is  left.  The  player 
must  be  hit  by  the  ball  on  the  fly.  A  strike  after  a 
bound  does  not  count. 


HOW   TO 


119 


Double  Carry — A  lies  on  his  back.  B  puts 
his  hands  under  A's  shoulders  and  lifts.  C,  facing 
in  the  same  direction  as  B,  steps  between  A's  legs 
and  lifts  and  both  walk  off  with  their  burden. 

A  and  B  take  hold  of  each  other's  left  wrists 
with  the  right  hand.  C  sits  on  the  arms  nearest 
him  and  the  others  form  a  back  for  him  to  lean 
against. 

A  and  B  each  takes  hold  of  his  own  left  wrist 
with  his  right  hand,  and  then  they  join  grasps.  C 
sits  on  the  seat  thus  formed  and  puts  an  arm 
around  each  of  the  other's  necks. 

A  and  B  stand  side  by  side,  with  their  arms 
hanging  down,  The  wrist  of  the  inside  hand  is  to  be 
bent,  so  that  the  hand  will  form  a  sort  of  stirrup, 
into  which  C  steps,  places  his  hands  on  the  shoul- 
ders of  the  others,  and  is  carried  about. 

Stand    On    the    Hands 

and  Roll — A  lies  on  his  back, 

rests    the 

backs  of  his 

hands  on  the 

mat     and 

raises    his 

legs     to     a 

vertical  posi- 
tion. B  puts  his  feet  in  the 
palms  of  A's  hands  and  his  hands 
on  the  soles  of  A's  feet  (Fig.  188 


120  HOW  TO 

187).  B  presses  hard  upon 
A's  feet  and  springs,  while  A 
straightens  hie  arms  (Fig. 
188);  A  bends  his  knees  and 
spreads  his  legs  a  little;  B 
leans  forward,  held  hack 
somewhat  by  A,  and  both 
roll,  B  into  the  lower  position 
and  A  into  the  upper  one. 
They  .do  not  stop  in  position 
187,  but  move  through  it  to 
position  188,  with  a  very  little  break.  This  exer- 
cise is  varied  by  the  upper  boy  standing  erect  on 
the  hands  of  the  lower  (Fig.  189),  while  the  lower 
boy  drops  his  legs  to  the  mat.  After  an  instant, 
they  return  to  position  188,  and  roll. 

Crocodile  Walk—Take  position  4.  Reach  as 
far  forward  as  possible  without  letting  any  other 
part  of  the  body  touch  the  mat.  Move  both  arms 
and  legs  sidewards  as  much  as  possible.  In  this 
position  move  forward  or  backward. 

Running  Knot — The  boys  run  in  a  line,  each 
keeping  about  six  feet  from  the  next  in  front.  The 
leader  makes  a  short  circle  and  runs  between,  say 
the  fourth  and  fifth  boys;  the  lad  behind  the  leader 
between  the  fifth  and  sixth,  and  so  on.  As  soon  as 
he  passes  between  the  boys,  the  leader  takes  the 
original  direction  of  the  run. 


HOW  TO 


121 


Pyramid— (Fig.  190).  Two 
boys  face  each  other,  advance 
the  left  foot,  kneel  on  the  right 
knee  and  grasp  each  other's 
arms  near  the  shoulders.  Two 
others  stand  on  their  shoulders 
and  grasp  each  other's  arms. 
The  two  in  the  figure  have  their 
feet  too  far  forward;  their  shins 
should  be  pressed  against  the 
back  of  the  lower  boys'  heads, 
with  the  toes  turned  well  out- 
ward. A  fifth  boy  steps  on  to 
the  arms  of  the  upper  two  from 
the  shoulders  of  another. 

Up  and  Down  -Have  an 
eren  number  of  boys  stand  in  a 
circle  and  grasp  hands,  standing  19O 

nearly  arm's  length  apart.  Count  twos.  At  a  sig- 
nal all  of  the  ones  slide  their  feet  toward  the  cen- 
tre of  the  ring  and  drop  down,  supported  by  the 
twos.  The  twos  give  a  lift  and  as  the  ones  regain 
their  equilibrium  the  twos  drop  down,  and  so  on. 


122 


HOW  TO 


XXII 

Flip,  or  Back  Hand  Spring- 
Have  a  belt  securely  fastened  about 
'the  waist  and  have  a  boy  take  hold  of 
it  on  each  side.  The  boy  on  your 
right  takes  hold  with  his  left  hand 
t^~  and  the  one  on  your  left  with  his 
right.  Their  free  hands  are  to  catch 
your  legs  and  help  by  pushing  you  over  (Fig.  194). 
Do  not  trust  to  the  buttons  on  your  trousers  hold- 


191 


ing;  there  is  too 
them,  and  if  one 
you  might  be 
Get  a  strap, 
raise  the  hands 
face ;  bend  the 
the  arms  back- 


192 


much  strain  on 
should  give  way, 
seriously  hurt. 
Raise  the  heels; 
as  high  as  the 
knees  and  swing 
ward  past  the 


sides,  keeping  the  back  straight  (Fig.  191).  Push 
the  abdomen  forward,  but  do  not  straighten  the 
knees;  throw  the  head  back  and  swing 
the  arms  forward,  upward  and  back- 
ward as  vigorously  as  possible,  then 
jump  (Fig.  192).  Have  the  boys  hold 
you  up  so  high  that  you  can  have  the 
hands  touch  with  the  arms  straight. 
The  fingers  should  be  pointed  toward 
your  starting  point.  When  your  hands 
hit  the  mat,  your  body  should  be  in  193 


HOW    TO  123 

the  hand  stand  position  (Fig.  193),  The  remainder 
of  the  flip  is  exactly  like  the  snap  down.  The 
movement  should  be  thoroughly  mastered  with 
assistance  before  being  tried  alone,  as  bad  habits 
are  easily  formed  and  are  hard  to  break. 

The  difficulties  in  this  exercise  are  in  not  get- 
ting the  abdomen  forward  at  the  beginning,  in 
turning  the  head  to  one  side  just 
as  you  start,  and  in  not  keeping  the 
arms  straight.  You  should  have 
support  until  you  do  it  correctly 
and  are  confident.  After  some 
practice,  the  boys  can  place  their 
hands  under  your  hips  after  your 
hands  have  started  upward,  and 
give  you  a  slight  lift,  instead  of 
holding  by  the  belt. 

In  order  to  do  a  "spotter,"  lean  farther  for- 
ward as  you  start,  thus  making  a  sharper  bend; 
place  the  hands  where  the  feet  have  been,  then 
snap  down  so  as  to  have  the  feet  land  in  the  place 
of  the  hands.  If  you  desire  to  do  several  flips  in 
succession,  as  soon  as  the  feet  strike  in  the  first, 
continue  the  bend  backward  and  swing  of  the  arms 
as  rapidly  as  possible. 

Wrongside  Out  —  Lie  down  on  your  back. 
Raise  the  legs  and  drop  them  backward  until  the 
bent  knees  rest  on  the  floor  alongside  of  your  ears. 
Put  the  hands  down,  push  a  little  with  them  and 


124 


HOW   TO 


the  back  of  the  head  and,  resting  on  the  knees,  pull 
the    jhead    from     between    them     and     come    to 
position   30.     Do   it   without   assistance  from  the 
hands, 
v 

Triple  Roll- 
A  lies  on  his  back 
and  draws  his  feet 
up  close  to  his  hips. 
B  steps  astride  A, 
bends  forward  and 


195 


takes  hold  of  his 
ankles.  C  stands 
behind  A's  head, 
and  picks  B  up  by 
the  ankles.  A  takes 
hold  of  C's  ankles 
(Fig.  195). 

B  bends  his  arms  and  puts  the  back  of  his 
head  on  the  mat  as  C  springs  up  in  the  air,  raising 
his  hips  as  he  rises  and  pulling  A  up.  B  must  give 
C  some  support  by  holding  his  legs  firmly  set, 
although  they  are  bent. 

Keep  these  additional  points  in  mind,  and  pro- 
ceed as  described  for  Figs.  108,  109  and  110. 

Hop  Wrestle— Two  boys  take  hold  of  each 
other's  right  hand,  stand  on  one  leg  and  try  to 
make  the  other  put  his  raised  foot  down,  or  to  touch 
the  floor  with  the  free  hand. 


HOW   TO 


125 


196 


Hand  Spring  Over 
Feet  —  A  lies  on  his 
back  and  raises  his  legs 
so  as  to  rest  his  feet 
against  B's  thighs,  who 
leans  forward  and 
grasps  A's  ankles  (Fig, 
196).  This  is  the 
starting  position,  but 
B  takes  a  short  run  first,  then  throws  his  legs  as 
though  he  were  to  do  the  movement  unassisted.  As 
B's  weight  comes  on  his  feet,  A  bends  his  knees  a 
little,  then  kicks  as  hard  as  possible,  B  pushing  off 
from  the  ankles  as  his  legs  get  beyond  the  vertical 
point,  If  it  is  necessary,  A  still  further  assists  by 
raising  his  arms  and  giving  a  slight  push  to  B's 
shoulders  (Fig.  197),  as  he  comes  over. 

The  same  exercise  may  be  done  by  B  taking 
hold   of  A's   hands  instead  of  his 
ankles. 

A  somewhat  similar  movement, 
but  a  much  more  difficult  one,  is 
done  by  B  standing  on  A's  hands, 
facing  in  the  same  direction  as  A, 
taking  hold  of  A's  feet  and  doing  a 
hand  spring  over  from  both  feet, 
assisted  by  a  throw  from  A's  hands. 
A  also  straightens  his  legs  vigor- 
ously as  B's  legs  begin  to  descend. 
B  must  keep  tight  hold  of  A's  feet  197 


126 


HOW   TO 


and  push  off  after  A's  legs  are  nearly  straight.  Still 
another  method:  Start  as  for  the  first  described. 
B,  instead  of  catching  A's  ankles,  swings  his  head 
and  arms  downward  as  though  to  do  a  hand  spring 
alone.  He  puts  his  weight  on  A's  feet,  however,  as 
in  Fig.  196,  and  is  kicked  over  to  stand. 

Pyramid  — (Fig.  198).  The 
bottom  boy  must  be  much  larger 
and  stronger  than  the  other  two. 
The  boy  who  is  to  be  on  top 
stands  in  front  of  the  second, 
spreads  his  legs  and  is  lifted,  sit- 
ting on  his  shoulders.  The  bottom 
boy  then  puts  his  head  between  the 
legs  of  the  second  and  straightens 
up  and  lifts  the  two.  As  they 
go  up,  the  knees  are  bent,  the  feet 
^are  placed  on  the  thighs  close  to 
the  hips,  and  the  next  below  takes 
198  hold  in  front  of  the  legs,  just  be- 

low the  knees.  The  top  boy  straightens  up  a  little, 
the  one  below  pulls  his  head  backward  from  between 
his  legs,  and  is  followed  in  like  manner  by  the  low- 
est. Drop  forward  to  the  feet. 

Legless — Sit  down.  Lean  a  little  forward,  put 
the  arms  beneath  the  knees,  and  push  the  heels  up 
until  they  lock  behind  the  head.  Sit  as  nearly 
erect  as  possible,  the  hands  resting  on  the  floor  to 
balance  you,  or  lean  back  against  a  wall,  « 


HOW  TO 


127 


Horse  and  Rider— (Fig.  199).  Have  a  soft 
ball.  The  players  pair  off  according  to  size  and 
strength,  and  form  a  double  circle  (one  behind  the 
other),  each  pair  standing  three  paces  from  the 
next.  Those  who  have  agreed  to  be  horses  bend 
forward  and  allow  the  riders  to  straddle  their  backs. 
The  riders  then  throw  the  ball  to  one  another.  As 
soon  as  it  is  muffed,  all  the  riders  dismount  and 
run,  while  the  ball  is  picked  up  by  any  one  of  the 


199 

horses,  who  calls  "half  as  soon  as  he  has  it  in  his 
hand.  The  riders  must  stop  at  the  command.  The 
horse,  throwing  from  where  he  picked  up  the 
ball,  endeavors  to  hit  one  of  the  riders,  who  may 
dodge,  but  without  moving  his  feet.  If  the  rider 
is  hit,  those  who  were  riders  become  horses  and 
vice  versa,  but  if  he  is  missed  play  is  resumed  with 
the  players  in  the  first  position.  The  ball  must 
not  be  held  for  any  length  of  time  by  a  rider,  but 
must  be  tossed  as  soon  as  caught,  no  matter  what 


128  HOW  TO 

position  the  player  may  be  in.  The  horses  are 
allowed  to  turn  from  side  to  side,  or  completely 
round  on  the  spot,  in  order  to  make  the  catch  more 
difficult. 

Abdominal  Roll — Lie  on  the  mat,  face  down- 
ward. Raise  the  heels  and  grasp  the  insteps  with 
the  hands.  Roll  over  sidewards. 

Chest  Stand — Fold  the  arms  across  the  chest. 
Get  down  on  the  knees.  Lean  forward  to  rest  on 
the  arms  and  chest  and  raise  the  legs  to  hand  stand 
position.  If  you  overbalance,  twist  the  head  to  one 
side  and  roll  over  on  one  shoulder. 

Running  Maze— The  boys  follow  one  another 
and  run  in  a  circle,  the  leader  turning  on  the  inside 
of  the  last  man.  The  circle  keeps  growing  smaller 
and  smaller.  When  too  small  to  run  in,  the  leader 
turns  back  on  his  tracks  and  unwinds  himself  and 
the  others  easily. 

Combinations — Round  off  and  flip. 

Hand  stand;  snap  down  and  flip. 

Round  off;  bucking  broncho,  several  times; 
flip. 

Hand  spring  and  pull  over  (Figs.  174,  175); 
throw  forward,  hands  between  the  legs  (Figs.  137, 
138);  A,  the  one  in  front,  rolls  forward  to  stand,  B 
to  lying  on  his  back;  sit  on  the  feet  and  kick  back 
(Figs.  156,  157). 


HOW  TO 


129 


XXIII 

Back  Roll  Over  Back— A  does 
a  hand  stand  and  opens  his  legs  as 
they  go  up.  Just  before  he  reaches 
the  balance,  B  steps  between  the 
spread  legs  and  puts  them  over  his 
hips,  as  in  figure  200.  At  an  agreed 
signal,  B  leans  forward,  pressing 
hard  upon  A's  legs  with  his  fore- 
arms and  A  leans  backward,  swing- 
ing his  arms  backward  and  upward 


200 


(Fig.  201). 
to      touch 
straightens 
final     push 


As 

B, 

up, 

and 


as  A's  shoulders 
draws  his  knees 
as  B  lets  go  of 
keeps  forcing  his 
B  gives  him  the 


202 


A's  back  begins 
he  gradually 
gives  the  legs  a 
humps  his  back 
touch  his.  A 
in  to  his  chest 
his  legs,  and 
head  well  back  as 
201  final  throw,  turn- 

ing as  in  Fig.  202.  You 
should  go  through  this 
exercise  slowly  several 
times,  with  someone  to 
put  a  supporting  hand 
on  A's  shoulder  and  chest 
to  keep  him  up  in  case 
B  does  not  lift  him  high 
enough  with  the  hump. 


130  HOW  TO 

But  when  you  are  fairly  sure  of  A  landing  on  his 
feet,  do  the  movement  with  all  possible  speed,  B 
giving  the  hump  by  raising  on  his  toes  as  he  stands 
nearly  erect. 

Hand  Stand  On  the  Hands, 
Lying  Down  — (Fig.  203).  A 
lies  on  his  back  and  raises  his 
arms.  B  puts  the  palms  of  his 
hands  across  A's  and  swings 
his  legs  up  to  hand  stand.  This 
is  a  very  difficult  exercise,  and 
requires  a  great  deal  of  prac- 
tice. A  should  be  a  strong  boy. 
You  can  face  as  shown  in  the 
figure  or  in  the  opposite  direction. 

Playful  Lambs,  Forward — A  and  B  face  each 
other.  C  faces  the  back  of  B,  each  standing  about 
three  feet  from  the  other.  B  rolls  forward,  keeping 
his  legs  well  spread.  A  immediately  dives  between 
B's  legs  and  rolls  with  spread  legs,  making  sure  to 
dive  high  enough  to  clear  B's  head.  B  in  the  mean- 
time continues  his  rolls  and  makes  a  quick  half 
turn  as  he  rises  to  stand.  C  dives  over  A  and  B 
dives  over  C  as  he  rolls.  A,  having  finished  his  roll 
with  a  turn,  dives  over  B,  and  so  on.  This  is,  of 
necessity,  a  very  quick  exercise,  and  great  caution 
is  necessary.  Master  the  double  dive  (Fig,  100), 
before  trying  this, 


HOW   TO  131 

Combinations— Starting  from  opposite  ends 
of  the  mat,  A  does  a  handspring,  while  B  rolls  for- 
ward far  enough  for  both  to  assume  position  131; 
throw  backward;  B  stands  on  A's  shoulders;  fall 
forward,  B  rolling  with  shears;  sit  on  the  shoulders 
and  throw  back  (Figs.  183,  184). 

Starting  from  the  same  end  of  the  mat,  A  does 
a  hand  spring  and  puts  his  hands  on  his  knees;  B 
runs  and  rolls  over  (Fig.  57),  and  puts  his  hands 
between  his  legs;  A  throws  him  forward  (Fig. 
138)  ;B  turns  round  while  A  rolls  backward  to 
hand  stand  and  snap  down;  B  runs  forward  and 
jumps  over  A's  head  (Fig,  162). 

Starting  from  the  same  end  of  the  mat,  A  does 
a  round  off,  takes  two  steps  backward  and  stands; 
B  does  a  round  off,  then  does  a  hand  stand;  A  steps 
between  his  legs,  turns,  and  throws  him  backward 
(Figs.  200-202);  A  rolls  backward  to  handstand 
and  snaps  down;  B  runs  forward,  does  a  hand  spring 
to  the  shoulders  and  is  thrown  back  (Fig.  206). 

Upper  Arm  Hand  Stand — A  and 

B  stand  facing  each  other  and  take 

hold  of    each  other's  arms   near  the 

shoulders.     A  springs  up  and  wraps 

his  legs  about  B,  who  leans  forward 

(Fig.  204).     B   then   leans  backward 

and  pulls  vigorously.     A  unclasps  his       ""204 

legs,  drops  his  head  over  top  of  B's,  draws  his  knees 

close  to  his  chest  and  kicks  up  to  hand  stand  (Fig. 


132 


HOW   TO 


205 


205).  This  is  not  very  difficult,  if 
B  is  powerful  enough  to  give  the 
requisite  amount  of  pull. 

B  should  keep  looking  up,  and 
not  allow  A  to  overbalance,  or  there 
may  be  trouble.  If  A  is  to  drop 
over  to  the  floor,  have  someone  to 
catch  him. 

Walk  Around — From  stand- 
ing on  the  shoulders,  the  lower  boy 
(A)  sits  down,  crossing  his  legs  as 
he  sinks.  He  straightens  his  legs 
and  leans  slowly  backward  to  lie 
on  his  back.  B  keeps  sliding  his  feet  forward  as  A 
leans  back  until  he  stands  on  his  chest,  still  steadied 
by  A  holding  his  legs.  A  raises  his  legs  to  a  ver- 
tical position,  and  B,  either  with  or  without  taking 
hold  of  the  feet,  steps  onto  one  of  A's  thighs  just 
above  the  knee.  A  turns  that  side  of  his  body  to 
rest  on  the  mat,  and  comes  to  his  hands  and  knees, 
B  standing  on  the  calves  of  his  legs.  B  steps  up 
onto  A's  hips  and  they  do  the  jumps  to  stand  on 
the  shoulders. 

Kick  Behind  the  Leg— Have  one  foot  behind 
the  other  and  place  a  slipper,  stick,  small  hoop  or 
other  article  across  the  foot  behind.  Try  to  kick  it 
forward  a  given  distance  between  two  marks.  Be 
careful  not  to  fall. 


HOW   TO 


183 


Three  Jumps  to  the  Shoulders — A  gets  down 
on  his  hands  and  knees  and  sinks  his  abdomen  a 
little.  B  stands  at  his  feet  and  springs  lightly  to 
stand  on  A's  hips,  with  his  toes  turned  out.  At  a 
signal,  B  springs  up  and  a  trifle  forward  to  alight 
on  A's  shoulders  and  A  raises  his  back  a  little.  A 
now  brings  one  leg  forward  and  puts  the  foot  down 
alongside  his  hands.  At  the  signal  B  springs 
straight  up  in  the  air  a  foot  or  more.  A  straight- 
ens his  back  to  an  erect  position  and  catches  B  by 
the  legs  as  he  alights  on  his  shoulders,  A  then 
stands  up  and  carries  B  around  and  the  two  do  the 
forward  fall  to  finish. 

B  will  find  that  if  he  looks  straight  ahead  he 
will  be  able  to  do  better  than  if  he  allows  his  eyes 
to  wander.  A  must  be  sure  to  get  his  back  straight 
as  he  leans  back  at  the  last  jump.  Have  a  soft 
spot  to  fall  on  if  you  should  miss  badly. 

Hand  Spring  and  Throw 

Back— (Fig.  206).  A  and  B 
face  each  other  about  six  feet 
apart.  A  bends  his  knees  a  lit- 
tle. B  runs  forward,  places  his 
hands  on  A's  knees  and  throws 
his  legs  as  if  for  a  hand  spring, 
coming  down  astride  A's  shoul- 
ders. A  seizes  him  by  the  hips 
as  he  comes  up.  B  leans  back 
and  A  gives  him  a  strong  up- 


206 


134  HOW   TO 

ward  push.  A  drawi  his  knees  in,  and  turns  back 
to  the  floor  as  in  Fig.  184.  Have  assistance  to  sup- 
port, if  necessary. 

Bent  Arm  Hand  Stand  —  (Fig. 
207).  A  and  B  face  each  other  about  six 
feet  apart,  A  standing  with  the  palms  of 
his  hands  forward  and  the  fingers  pointed 
toward  his  chest.  B  runs,  puts  his  shoul- 
ders into  A's  hands,  his  hands  on  A's 
elbows,  springs  from  both  feet,  doubles 
up  and  kicks  up  to  hand  stand. 

A\  Crab  Roll — Lie  on  your  back.  Draw 

P)   \*      the  feet   back  close   to   the  hips,    rais- 

207         ing    the   knees.      Place  the  hands    on 

the  floor  alongside  the  shoulders,  with  the  fingers 

pointed  outward.    Push  the  body  up  until  the  arms 

are  straight.     Turn  sideward  to  rest  on  the  hands 

and  feet,  front  downward.     Continue  to  starting 

position. 

Relay  Race — Divide  the  players  into  two  or 
more  squads  of  equal  numbers.  Place  representa- 
tives of  each  squad  on  lines  25  yards,  or  so,  apart. 
There  should  be  a  similar  distance  between  the  last 
runners  and  the  finishing  line.  At  the  signal  those 
on  the  starting  line  run  and  tag  those  on  the  nearest 
line  to  them.  The  first  runners  then  stop.  The 


HOW   TO 


135 


second  relay  runs  to  the  third  and  tag  them,  and  so 
on,  the  last  set  racing  to  the  finishing  line, 

Interest  may  be  added  by 
having  the  runners  carry  flags, 
or  sticks,  to  deliver  to  the 
next  relay,  or  sometimes,  if 
the  runners  are  large,  let 
them  carry  small  boys  to 
deliver. 

Run  in  a  circle,  each 
player  to  run  once  round  and 
then  tag  one  of  his  own  side. 

Run  in  a  circle,  the  teams 
to  start  opposite  each  other 
and  try  to  catch  up. 

Pyramid—  (Fig.  208). 
Two  boys  take  two  others  on 
their  shoulders,  then  face  each 
other  and  each  couple  takes  208 

hold  of  hands  or  arms.  A  fifth  steps  on  the 
arms  of  the  upper  two  from  the  ahoulders  of 
another. 


130 


HOW   TO 


209 


XXIV 

Back  Somersault — Be  sure 
to  have  a  good  strong  belt  about 
your  waist,  to  which  tie  a  piece 
of  rope  on  each  side  so  that  your 
assistants  can  hold  you  easier. 
Have  the  boy  who  stands  on  your 
right  side  take  the  rope  in  his 
left  hand  and  the  one  who  stands 
on  your  left  take  it  in  his  right 
hand.  Raise  your  hands  as  high 
as  your  face  (Fig.  209), bend  the 

knees  a  little  bit,  at  the  same  time  lower  the  arms 

to  position  191  and  keep  looking  straight  forward. 

Spring  upward,  bringing  the  knees  close  to  the 

chest,  at  the  same  time  swing  the  arms  vigorously 

upward,  lifting  with  tte  shoulder  muscles  as  much 

as  possible.     When  at  the  top  of  your  jump,  throw 

your  head  back,  grasp  the 

legs  a  little  below  the  knee 

and  pull  hard  (Fig.  210). 

This  should  bring  your  feet 

under  you  at  a  point-  high 

enough    to    allow  you    to 

straighten    out   and  stand 

erect  as  you  alight  (Fig. 

211).    Your  assistants  lift 

as  you  spring,  catch  you 


HOW  TO 


137 


211 


beneath  the  thighs  with  their  free 
hands  and  give  your  legs  a  back- 
ward throw. 

Turning  backward  is  generally 
much  harder  to  master  than  turn- 
ing forward,  because  it  is  so  un- 
usual, and  you  must  do  this  exer- 
cise a  great  many  times  with  assist- 
ance, or  until  you  are  sure  of 
getting  around,  before  you  try  it  by  yourself. 

All  the  parts  of  the  back  somersault  must  be 
done  so  quickly  that  it  is  well  to  try  them  sepa- 
rately, as  far  as  possible.  Practice  jumping  upward, 
raising  the  knees  and  swinging  the  arms  upward  at 
the  same  time,  but  have  someone  put  a  hand  at 
your  back  to  keep  you  from  falling  over.  Lie  down, 
roll  back  to  the  shoulders,  swing  the  arms  as  if 
doing  the  somersault,  grasp  the  legs  and  pull.  As 
soon  as  you  give  the  pull,  let  go  and  put  the  hands 
back  to  keep  from  hurting  your  neck. 

When  you  are  ready  to  do  without  the  belt, 
have  one  of  your  helpers  put  a  hand  beneath  your 
hips  and  lift  just  as  you  leave  the  mat.  He  must 
be  careful  not  to  interfere  with  the  swinging  of 
your  arms. 

When  still  further  advanced,  or  possibly  at  the 
same  stage,  stand  on  the  hands  of  an  assistant,  as 
in  Fig.  209,  and  have  him  give  you  a  vigorous  up- 
ward throw.  You  should  do  your  part  as  if  doing 
it  alone.  Your  helper  may  lie  down  and  put  his 


138  HOW  TO 

hands  on  the  mat  above  his  head,  you  to  face  his 
feet. 

Another  way  of  getting  assistance  is  to  raise 
one  leg  in  front,  have  your  helper  put  one  hand 
under  your  knee  and  the  other  under  your  ankle 
and  lift. 

To  land  on  the  spot  in  front  of  the  place  from 
where  you  jump,  look  upward  and  forward  and 
jump  toward  the  point  on  which  your  eyes  are 
fixed.  Have  the  belt  on  for  this,  even  if  you  can 
do  the  ordinary  back  somersault. 

Hand  Stand  On  the  Hands,  Stand- 
ing— A  stands  on  B's  shoulders  and 
takes  hold  of  his  hands  (Fig.  212).  B 
keeps  his  arms  stiff  and  A  leans  forward, 
raises  his  hips  with  the  knees  close  to 
the  chest  and  slowly  straightens  up  to 
hand  stand"  (Fig.  213).  This 
is  both  difficult  and  dangerous. 

Take  Care  of  Your  Nose—  "212 
Place  a  small  object  on  the  floor  about 
two  feet  in  front  of  the  toes.  Clasp  the 
hands  behind  the  back;  raise  one  leg 
backward,  keeping  the  knee  straight, 
until  it  is  horizontal;  lean  forward,  bend 
the  knee  of  the  foot  that  is  on  the  floor 
and  pick  up  the  object  with  the  lips.  Be 
213  careful  not  to  hurt  yourself. 


HOW   TO  139 

Hand  Spring   Prom  the  Hips — 

A  faces  B  and  puts  his  head  between 
his  spread  legs.  B  puts  his  hands  on 
A's  hips  (Fig.  214).  A  straightens 
up  and  throws  vigorously  backward 
as  B  jumps.  B  keeps  his  hands  on  A's 
hips  until  his  legs  begin  to  descend, 
then  pushes  off  hard.  Have  assistance.  214 

Back  Somersault  From  the  Back — A  leans 
forward  and  puts  his  hands  on  his  knees.  B,  facing 
in  the  same  direction,  steps  onto  A's  shoulders  and 
does  a  back  somersault,  A  assists  by  straightening 
up  just  a  little.  All  back  somersaults  from  a 
height  can  be  done  as  though  you  were  on  the 
ground.  Keep  the  body  straight  after  you  turn, 
and  fall  perpendicularly. 

Stand  on  another's  feet  and  turn  a  back  somer- 
sault. 

Stand  on  the  thighs  of  another  (your  supporter 
holds  the  back  of  the  calves  of  your  legs),  and 
turn  backward. 

Stand  on  the  shoulders  and  turn  backward. 

Have  your  supporter  fold  his  arms  across  his 
chest,  stand  on  them  and  turn  backward. 

It  is  very  important  that  your  helper  be  strong 
and  experienced. 

Do  not  try  any  of  these  until  you  have  perfect 
control  of  the  somersault  from  the  mat. 


140 


HOW   TO 


215 


Squat  Over  the  Head  Back- 
ward— A  stands  in  front  of  B. 
They  join  hands,  palms  crossing. 
A  springs  up,  lifting  his  knees  in 
front  as  he  rises,  and  receives  a 
strong  lift  from  B  as  he  squats  to 
stand  on  his  shoulders — and  later 
over  the  shoulders  to  the  mat  be- 
hind (Fig.  215).  Have  someone 
behind  to  catch. 


Combinations — Round  off  and  back  somer- 
sault. 

Hand  stand;  snap  down  and  back  somersault. 
Round  off;  flip  and  back  somersault. 
A  row  of  flips  and  back  somersault. 

Flip,  With  a  Half  Turn  — Just  before  the 
hands  leave  the  mat  in  the  last  part  of  the  flip, 
turn  the  head  to  one  side.  This  will  bring  one 
foot  to  the  mat  before  the  other.  Turn  on  the  ball 
of  this  foot  and  finish  the  half  turn  as  the  body 
rises  to  stand. 

You  can  also  do  the  turn  by  a  quick  twist  of 
the  head  and  shoulders  as  the  hands  leave  the  mat. 
This  will  bring  you  onto  both  feet  at  the  same 
time.  It  is  harder  than  the  other  method. 

Twisting  Back  Somersault — All  the  prelimi- 
nary movements  are  the  same  as  for  the  ordinary 
somersault.  Just  as  the  legs  are  grasped  in  the 


HOW   TO 


141 


turn,  twist  tne  head  around,  and,  as  you  straighten 
out,  complete  a  half  turn  of  the  body. 

Pyramid— (Fig.  216).  Four 
boys  get  on  their  hands  and 
knees,  facing  outward  from  the 
center  of  a  small  circle.  Four 
others  stand  on  their  backs  and 
grasp  arms  near  the  shoulders. 
Another  stands  on  the  shoulders 
of  two  of  these,  taking  his  posi- 
tion from  standing  on  the  shoul- 
ders of  someone  else. 

Three  Deep,  or  Tag  the 
Third  —  The  players  form 
double  circle,  standing  one  in 
front  of  the  other  and  facing  the 
centre,  with  the  couples  about  three  paces  apart.  A 
tagger  and  a  runner  are  "it."  The  runner  goes  a 
little  way  around  the  circle,  then  steps  in  front  of 
a  pair  of  players.  The  third,  or  last  man,  must 
now  try  to  escape  the  tagger.  If  he  should  be 
caught,  he  becomes  tagger,  and  immediately  tries 
to  tag  the  player  who  was  just  pursuing  him. 
Escape  is  always  made  by  stepping  in  front  of  a 
couple  and  obliging  a  new  third  man  to  run.  It  is 
not  allowed  to  run  around  the  inside  of  the  circle, 
or  to  ucut  across,1' 

The   third   man  (the  runner),  may   resort   to 
tricks.     For  an  example,  take  the  couple  C  and  D- 


216 


142 


HOW   TO 


A  is  runner  after  15,  who  succeeds  in  placing  him- 
self in  front  of  C  and  D;  D  is  then  the  third  man, 
and  must  therefore  run  away;  but  instead  of  plac- 
ing himself  in  front  of  some  other  couple,  he  sim- 
ply steps  forward  quickly  and  places  himself  in 
front  of  his  own  row;  this  makes  C  the  third  man, 
for  now  D,  B  and  C  are  standing  behind  one 
another. 

As  soon  as  B  has  placed  himself  in  front  of  C 
and  D,  D  can  place  himself  in  front  of  his  own 


217 


row  by  diving  forward  between  the  legs  of  B 
and  C,  thus  again  making  C  the  third  man. 

D  can  reach  forward  and  catch  hold  of  B  as 
soon  as  B  places  himself  in  front,  and  swing  the 
whole  row  around  so  that  the  order  of  their  posi- 
tions ~will  be  D,  C  and  B,  facing  outward.  In  this 
case  B  is  again  immediately  made  the  third  man. 

As  soon  as  B  has  placed  himself  in  front  of  C 
and  D,  D  may  jump  over  the  heads  (leap  frog 
fashion),  of  B  and  C,  and  in  this  way  make  C  the 
third  man. 


HOW   TO 


143 


218 


XXV 

High    Back    Somersault  —  A 

stands  with  one  foot  in  advance, 
locks  the  fingers  of  both  hands  and 
holds  them  between  his  legs  at 
about  the  level  of  the  knee,  B  runs 
forward,  places  his  hands  on  A's 
shoulders,  and  the  ball  of  one  foot 
in  his  hands  (Fig.  218).  He  springs 
from  the  foot  on  the  ground, 

pushes  with   his  hands  and  either  does  a  regular 

back  somersault  as  A  throws  him  (Fig.  219),  or 

leans  back,  without  lifting  the  knees  and  does  a 

"lay-out"  somersault, 

in  which  the  body  is 

curved  from  the  heels 

to  the  head. 

The  two   should 

practice  the  lift  a  good 

many  times  before  B 

tries    to    turn     over. 

After  they  work  well 

together  —  that  is, 

when  it  is  certain  that 

B  will  not  bend  back 

too    soon    and    thus  219 

shove  A  away  from  him  before  he  can  give  the 

throw,     A  should  stand  with  his  heels  on  a  line, 


144  HOW  TO 

instead  of  having  one  foot  in  advance,  as  he  can 
lift  better  from  this  position,  as  in  Fig.  161. 

Crab,  On  Hands  and   Feet  —  A 

lies  on  his  back  and  raises  his  legs  and 
arms  to  a  vertical  position.  B  places 
his  hands  on  A's  feet,  gives  a  slight 
spring  and  bends  over  to  rest  his  feet 
in  A's  hands  (Fig.  220). 

Diving  Front  Somersault — This 
is   usually  done  from  a  spring  board, 
but  can  be   done  from   the   ground. 
Run  and  dive  forward-upward  at  an  angle  of  some- 
thing like  forty-five  degrees.     Just  as  you  begin  to 
lose  momentum,  put  the  chin  against  your  chest, 
draw  the  knees  up,  swing  the  arms  down  to  grasp 
the  shins  and  turn.     Let  go  and  straighten  out  as 
usual. 

Combinations — Starting  from  opposite  ends  of 
the  mat,  A  does  a  running  front  somersault;  as 
soon  as  he  alights,  B  does  a  round  off;  A  takes  hold 
of  his  hands  and  B  jumps  first  over  one  arm,  then 
the  other,  and  either  jumps  backward  to  stand  on 
A's  shoulders  and  does  a  hand  spring  forward  from 
there,  or  does  the  lifting  hand  spring  (Fig.  225). 

Starting  from  the  same  end  of  the  mat,  facing 
in  opposite  directions,  A  does  flips  to  the  farther 
end;  B  does  a  front  somersault.  A  runs  and  jumps 
over  B's  head  (Fig.  162),  rolls  forward  and  throws 


HO*W  TO  145 

his  legs  up  to  hand  stand;  B  does  a  flip  with  a  half 
turn,  steps  in  and  throws  A  backward  ( Figs.  200- 
202);  both  do  one  flip;  A  runs  forward  and  is 
thrown  by  B  (Figs.  218, 219). 

Starting  from  the  same  end  of  the  mat,  A  does 
a  round  off  and  back  somersault;  B  does  a  roll 
down  (Figs.  151,  152,  139),  and  over  to  stand, 
takes  hold  of  B's  arms  and  does  an  upper  arm  hand 
stand  (Figs.  204,205);  he  comes  back  to  hii  feet 
in  front  of  A  with  a  snap;  both  do  a  flip  and  a 
back  somersault. 

Double  Flip  — A  stands  in 
front  of  B,  bends  backward  and 
puts  his  arms  about  B's  waist, 
turning  his  head  to  one  side,  if 
necessary.  B  leans  forward  and 
puts  his  arms  about  A.  A  gives 
a  spring,  B  leans  backward  and 
pulls  A  over  to  his  feet  (Fig. 
221).  The  instant  A  lands,  B  springs,  and  the 
movement  is  repeated. 

Great  care  must  be  exercised  in  learning  this, 
so  as  not  to  injure  each  other's  backs.  Have  an 
assistant  for  each  boy,  to  lift  the  legs  at  the  start 
of  each  turn. 

Hand  Stand  and   Back  Somersault  —  A  ami 

B  face  each  other.  A  does  a  hand  stand.  B  leans 
forward,  puts  his  hands  under  A's  shoulders,  lifts 
straight  up,  and  throws  hard.  A  does  the  regular 


146  HOW  TO 

back  somersault  movement,  and  should  land  on  his 
feet.  B  must  be  large  enough  and  strong  enough 
to  lift  A  easily.  This  is  not  for  beginners. 

Hand  Stand  Prom  the 
Floor — A  liei  on  his  back  and 
raises  one  leg.  B  faces  him 
and  takes  hold  of  his  hands 
(Fig.  222).  B  leans  back  and 
pulls  hard.  A  puts  the  raised 
222  foot  down  and  springs  up, 

raising  his  hips  and  drawing  his  knees 

to  his  chest  (Fig.  223).  and  puts  his 

head   alongside   B's.      B   straightens 

his  legs  with  a  kick,  and  he  and  A 

both   straighten   their  arms  to  hand 

stand  on  hands  (Fig.  224).     A  drops 

over  to  stand. 

Hand  Ball  —  Have  a  fence,  or 
wall,  eight  feet,  or  more,  in  height,  223 
with  a  smooth  piece  of  ground,  or  boards,  in  front 
of  it.  Mark  off  a  space  that  one  boy  can  easily 
cover,  say  fifteen  feet  from  side  to  side,  and  thirty 
feet  from  the  wall  to  the  back.  Draw  a  line  from 
one  side  line  to  the  other,  half  way  from  the  wall 
to  the  back  line.  This  is  called  the  "short"  line. 

Two  boys  are  to  play.  One  takes  a  tennis  ball, 
or  a  regulation  hand  ball,  which  is  smaller  than  a 
tennis  ball  and  very  hard,  and,  standing  between 
the  short  line  and  the  wall,  bounds  it  and  bats  it 


HOW  TO  147 

with  his  hand  against  the  wall  so 
that  it  will  strike  the  ground  be- 
hind the  short  line.  The  other 
player,  standing  where  he  chooses, 
must  then  strike  the  ball  after  the 
first  bound  and  bat  it  with  his 
hand  so  that  it  returns  and  hits  the 
wall.  On  its  rebound  it  is  returned 
by  the  server,  and  on  the  following 
rebound  by  the  other  player,  and  so 
on  until  one  or  the  other  fails  to 
make  a  proper  return. 
224  If  the  server  is  the  one  to  fail, 

he  changes  places  with  the  other  player. 

If  the  receiver  fails,  it  counts  one  for  the 
server.  The  player  making  21  points  first  wins. 

If  the  server  misses  the  ball  in  trying  to  serve, 
he  is  out.  If  the  ball  strikes  him  before  it  is 
played  by  his  opponent,  he  is  out.  If  his  opponent 
plays  the  ball  and  it  strikes  him,  it  is  "  interfer- 
ence," and  the  ball  is  played  over. 

The  receiver  must  strike  the  ball  when  first 
served  to  him  only  after  the  first  bound;  on  the 
returns,  however,  he  may  hit  it  on  the  fly.  A  ball 
struck  after  the  second  bound  is  not  counted. 

Four  may  play.  The  partner  of  the  server 
stands  on  the  side  line  at  the  short  line  until  the 
ball  is  put  in  play.  The  companion  of  the  receiver 
is  with  him  in  the  court. 


148  HOW   TO 

This  is  merely  an  outline,  but  it  will  b^found 
all  that  is  necessary  for  those  who  wish  to  have 
some  enjoyable  exercise.  Those  wishing  to  play  a 
more  elaborate  game,  can  find  the  rules  in  other 
publications. 

Lifting  Handspring — A  stands 
in  front  of  B.  They  take  hold  of 
hands  and  A  springs  upward,  rais- 
ing his  knees  in  front  as  he  rises, 
assisted  by  a  strong  lift  and  push 
from  B.  When  in  position  to  squat 
backward  over  the  head,  A  raises 
his  hips,  keeping  the  knees  close  to 
the  chest,  bends  his  head  forward, 
and  turns  over  (Fig,  225).  B  must 
keep  his  arms  nearly  straight  while  225 

A  turns.     Have  an  assistant  to  catch  A. 

From  the  starting  position,  A  jumps  over  B's 
right  arm  and  back  again.  He  does  the  same  over 
the  left,  and  then  does  the  hand  spring. 

Pull  Over  and  Turn  Over — A  should  be  con- 
siderably smaller  than  B.  They  face  each  other. 
A  leans  forward  and  puts  his  hands  between  his 
legs.  B  takes  hold  and  pulls.  As  A  comes  over, 
B  turns  his  elbow*  out  to  catch  the  inside  of  his 
thighs  (Fig.  128),  and  pushes  him  on  over  to  the 
mat.  As  so  often  said,  A  must  keep  his  head  well 


HOW  TO 


149 


backus  he  goes  over,  and  there  should  be  an  assist- 
ant to  put  an  arm  across  his  chest  as  he  drops,  until 
the  exercise  is  thoroughly  mastered. 

Pyramid— (Fig.  226).  The  manner  of  form- 
ing this  combination  will  be  apparent  at  a  glance 
to  those  who  have  tried  all  the  pyramids  in  this 
book. 


226 


150 


HOW  TO 


COMBINATIONS  — 

4,  7,  13,  19.  24,  31,  36,  43,  47,  52,  57,  63,  68,  75,  80,  88, 
95,  ioi,  107,  113,  117,  128,  131,  140,  144. 

GAMES  — 

Baste  the  Bear            -  25 

Battle  With  Balls                                       -            .  53 

Bean  Bag        -                         -            -            -            -  86 

Beater  Goes  Round          -  6q 

Black  Man      -                                     -            -            -  ioi 

Broncho  Riding  -  QQ 

Buck,  Buck,  How  Many  Horns  Are  Up?   -            -  89 

Bull  in  the  Ring  -                                                  _  5o 
Cat  and  Mouse           - 

Catch  the  Thief    -                         -            -            -  108 

Chicken  Fight                                     -            .            -  no 

Circle  Race                                     -  42 

Cock  Fight    ---.__  ?8 

Dog  Fight                                                   _            .  !o6 

Dodge  Ball     -                                                               -  118 

Egg  Race                                                               .  0 
Follow  My  Leader     - 

Foot  in  the  Hole                                        .            .  £ 

Fox  and  Hen                                       .            -           ~-  14 

Fox  in  His  Hole  -  74 

Hand  Ball I46 

Hand  Wrestle       -            -            ...  c2 

Hang  Tag       -                                     ...  04 

Hop  and  Reach    -                         -            -            -  68 

Hop  Fight      ------  21 

Hop  Wrestle                                               .            .  I24 

Horse  and  Rider        -            -            -            .            -  127 

Indian  Wrestle     -                                     -            -  114 

Jump,  Little  Nag  Tail                        -            -            -  60 

King  of  the  Castle                        -  o 

Leap  Frog      -                                                -           -  23 


HOW  TO  151 

Potato  Race  67 

Prisoners  Base  -        83 

Pull  Over                            -  7 

Push  Boy        -  -        23 

Relay  Race                         -  -    •        -             J34 

Rope  Jump     -  -        20 
Running  Knot 

Running  Maze  -  *    128 

Shoulder  Wrestle  3 

Snake  Wrestle            -  -        96 

Staff  Shove  IoS 

Stick  Wrestle  -                         •       109 

Teacher 3^ 

Tender  Green             ...  .37 

Three  Deep                        -  14* 

Toe  Wrestle   -  -                         -        64 

Toss            .....  -              86 

Touch             -            -  -            -           -      102 

Turn  the  Bars       ...  52 

Up  and  Down             ...  121 

PYRAfllDS  — 

3,  8,  13,  19,  25,  32,  36,  42,  47,  53,  57,  64,  68,  75,  76,  82, 

90,  95,  100,  109,  113,  121,  126,  135,  141,  149. 

TRICKS - 

Arm  Circle     -  -        87 
Arm,  Leg  and  Lips 
Armless  Rise 

Backward  Bend    -                         -  78* 

Book  Throw  -  -         12 

Chair  Balance       -                         -  IT4 

and  Pin                         -  7& 

Circle                                   -  -                         4& 

Lift       -                        -  -                                49 

Turn  Over  In  -                          49 

Chew  the  String        -  -        40 

Click  the  Heels 72 

Cow     -  -        73 

Double  Carry  -       119 

Hand  Circles         -  -                           i? 

Head  Push      -                         -  73 

Heel  and  Toe        ...  46 


152                                           HOW  TO 

High  Jump                 -  -           ,                          -        96 

Hold  the  Toes  and  Jump  21 

Jump  Rope,  Lying  Down  -            ...      IQO 

Kneel  and  Rise    •  2 

Kick  Behind  the  Leg  -            -      132 

Legless      -  -           -           -            126 

Leg  Twist       -  94 
Lever                     - 

Half      -  ....        38 

Limber  Up  .           _            I02 

Lip  Stretch    -  -           -        41 

Long  Arm  .            .            II4 

Long  Reach  -  55 

Nose  and  Bar        -  ^ 

Palm  Spring  -  -            -            -            -         12 

Rub  and  Pat         -  5 

Seat  Balance  -            ...      IO2 

Single  Carry  .            .            II2 

Sit  and  Rise  -  -            -            -        22 

.  Splits         -  46 

Stage  Fall      -  -            -       100 

Step  Over  One  Foot        -  -           .             -?i 

Stoop,  If  You  Can    -  .        79 

Stooping  Push      -  .45 

Stooping  Stretch       -  . 

Strong  Boy  -            -              96 

Take  Care  of  Your  Nose  -            -       138 

Touch  Knee,  Rise  and  Hop        -  -              29 

Turn  in  the  Air  .            .        89 

Twist  Through  a  Wand  -  -            -              16 

Twist  Under  a  Wand  -            -            -        63 

Walk  on  the  Hands  -              17 

Wrongside  Out  .       123 

TUMBLING  — 

Balance  Above  the  Head  98 

Head  -            -        94 

Horizontal  .              82 

Knee  and  Hand  in  Hands                           -        57 

Knees  in  Hands  56 

On  the  Elbows        -  -        24 

On  the  Head      -  99 

Backward  Fall  -            .57 

Bucking  Broncho  -            -             66 


HOW  TO  153 

Cartwheel       -  44 

Chest  Stand  128 

Crab    -                                     -  86 

On  Hands  and  Feet  144 

Cradle  Rock  -  -        5° 

Crawler      -  13 

Dive    -  -        21 

Double  60 

Through  a  Ring  -        51 

Through  the  Hands  51 

Elbow  Stand  -                                     -  -        68 

Rock          ...  46 

End  Over  End  -        36 

Flip  122 

Double  -  -      145 

With  a  Half  Turn   -  140 

Forward  Fall  -        18 

Two  High          -  61 

Throw, "Hands  Between  the  Legs  -        85 

Hand  Spring        -  27 

and  Pull  Over  -      no 

and  Throw  Back   -  133 

From  the  Hips  -       139 

From  the  Knees    -  75 

From  the  Shoulders  -  -       107 

High  118 

Hop  and  -        62 

Jumping     -  62 

Lifting  -       148 

One  Hand  -  61 

Over  a  Stick    -  -      106 

Over  the  Feet        -  125 

With  Feet  Together  -  62 

Hand  Stand  15 

and  Back  Somersault  -       145 

Bent  Arm  on  One  Supporter        -  134 

From  the  Floor  -      146 

on  the  Back  73 

on  the  Chest  and  Drop  Over  -  91 

on  the  Hands,  Lying  Down  130 

on  the  Hands,  Standing  -       138 

on  the  Knees,  Standing     -  62 

on  Two  Supporters      -  -       117 

One  Hand  -            -  55 

Roll       -  -        59 


154  HOW   TO 

Hand  Stand,  Upper  arm  131 

Vertical  -        55 

Head  Circle  24 

Head  Spin      -  -        73 

Head  Spring  28 

From  Head  Stand       -  -        55 

With  Half  Turn  -                                       74 

Head  Stand    -  -        10 

on  the  Back  55 

Jump  Between  the  Hands    -  2 

Backward  on  the  Shoulders         -  6 

Elephant  -        29 

Frog                        ....  4 

From  the  Shoulders   -  74 

High           -  99 

Horizontal  Upward     -  n 

Legs,  Horizontal   -  35 

Low  Down       -  35 

Over  the  Hands     -  55 

Over  One  Leg              -  -            -                     40 

Sit  on  the  Heels  and  -            -                           10 

Three  to  the  Shoulders  -       133 

Kick  Back  ...              97 

Facing  East  and  West   -  105 

Sidewards      -  -            105 

Leg  Circles  on  the  Mat         -  40 

Over  Head    -  41 

Low  Down  Dance      -  41 

Playful  Lambs,  Forward  130 

Sidewards   -  -            -       112 

Pull  Over  and  Turn  Over  -            -            148 

Hands  Between  the  Legs            -            .78 

the  Back  -            -              71 

Roll,  Abdominal        -  ...      128 

Backward     -  5 

Back  Over  Back  ....      I2q 

Crab  -            .            .            134 

Double  -  ....        65 

Double  to  Hand  Stand  »            -            -            in 

Down  Backward  -            "93 

Down  Forward        -  ~            ~              93 

Forward  i 

Holding  Toes  or  Ankles  -                                         7 

Over  Boy  -            -        34 

Over  Boys,  Sidewards  ...                5 


HOW    TO  155 

Roll,  Stand  on  the  Hands  and        -  119 

Tailor                                   ...  22 

to  Front  Leaning  Rest            -           -  17 

to  Hand  Stand        -  34 

to  Head  Stand              ....  34 

Triple                                                 -            -  124 

With  Shears     -  22 

Various        -  18 

Round  Off      -  72 

With  Turn     -  -87 

Shoulder  Stand  on  the  Hands                      -  .76 

on  Two  Supporters      -           -  81 

Sit  on  Shoulders  and  Throw  Back  -  116 

Snail  Crawl                                                             -  i 

Snap  Down    -  49 

Up    -  39 

Variations          -----  45 

Somersault,  Back  136 

From  the  Shoulders,  etc.  -      139 

High  -                        -  143 

Hand  Stand  and  -      145 

Twisting  140 

Front    -  -      103 

Diving  144 

One  Leg  -                        -  104 

Stand  on  the  Shoulders  -  33 

on  the  Feet      -----  106 

Straddle  Backward           -  79 

Forward      -----  92 

From  the  Floor  112 

Squat  Over  the  Head,  Backward     -  140 

Forward  -           -           -  108 

Throw  Backward,  Head  Between  the  Legs  -        89 

Lying  on  the  Back  79 

Twins'  Promenade    -            -           -           -  12 

Walk  Around        -                                     -            -  132 

Crocodile                       -            -            -  120 

Elephant     -  29 

Double          -  54 

Hump  28 

Little  Crab's    -----  35 

Low  Down  -  38 

Off                     -            -            ...  30 

on  the  Hands                      ...  30 

Wheelbarrow             .....  2 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


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irr 


LD  2lA-45m-9,'67 
(H5067slO)476B 


General  Library 

University  of  Californis 

Berkeley 


t 


/      YC  27369. 


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